solved Explain the Supreme Court’s reasons for the ruling in Brown

Explain the Supreme Court’s reasons for the ruling in Brown v. the Board of Education. What is affirmative action and why was it created by the U. S. government? Explain the Adarand ruling, and the reasons for the ruling of the Supreme Court. What effects might this case have on future affirmative action programs by government institutions? Do you think that affirmative action programs are still necessary today? Support your answer with at least one academic reference.