solved 1. [4] Describe two ways by which DNA polymerase ensures

1. [4] Describe two ways by which DNA polymerase ensures that the correct base is added to the growing polynucleotide chain during replication, addressing what these mechanisms have in common, and how they differ. What is the contribution of these mechanisms toward the overall fidelity of DNA replication? (MLO 4.1)
2. [4] Briefly summarize the palm, thumb, and finger domains of DNA polymerase, and explain how they contribute to replication. What is the role of the metal ions in the palm’s activity?(MLO 4.2)
3.[4] What prevents ribonucleotides from being incorporated into the growing DNA strand during replication of the genome? In what aspect of replication are ribonucleotides used?(MLO 4.1 & 4.2)
4. [4] How is the DNA unwound at the replication fork? What effect does this have on the DNA upstream of the fork, and how does the cell deal with this effect?(MLO 4.3)
5. [4] Sliding clamps are topologically-closed rings that can encircle the DNA double helix. How, then, are they able to get on and off the DNA? What purpose is served by this striking topology?(MLO 4.3)
6. [6] List at least five distinct activities provided by proteins within the replisome. What are some of the advantages of having multiple proteins working together to carry out the various aspects of the replication process?(MLO 4.3)
7.[6] Describe the various steps involved in the initiation of replication in eukaryotes. What proteins are involved in each of the steps, and when in the cell cycle does each of them occur? How does the timing of their segregation contribute to the limitation of origin firing to at most once per cell cycle?(MLO 4.4)
8. [3] Explain why the replication machinery is incapable of completely replicating the ends of the chromosomes. What is the practical effect of this? How do eukaryotic cells get around this problem?(MLO 4.5)