solved Assignment due by 10:59AM on Wednesday 04/21/21 via Gradescope. Please

Assignment due by 10:59AM on Wednesday 04/21/21 via Gradescope. Please submit answers within this document and do not submit reformatted assignments with just the answers. Make sure to select corresponding pages for answers in Gradescope when submitting assignment.Question 1 Please indicate whether the statements below are True or False. Enter your answer in the table provided.

Answer:

a. Multiple outcomes can be studied in a case-control study

b. Hospital-based controls with diseases related to the exposure of interest are a poor comparison group

c. You should not match on variables whose association you are interested in studying

d. The OR can always approximate an RR

e. Case-Control studies can be used to measure prevalence

f. Case-control studies tend to be less expensive and quicker to conduct than prospective cohort studies

Question 2 The following is a classic 2×2 table:CaseControlExposedABUnexposedCD
What does a/c signify? (Hint: it’s an odds of…)

What does b/d signify?

What is the formula, using this table, for calculating an odds ratio?

Based on this table, and the formula from c, what would an odds ratio of 0.8 mean? 1.0? 3.2? Be sure to state the comparison group.
Question 3A case-control study of 1500 participants looked at the association between Tamoxifen and uterine cancer. The study included 675 cases and 825 age and sex matched controls. There were 125 cases and 52 controls taking Tamoxifen. Uterine CancerTamoxifenYes (cases)No (controls)YesNo
Fill in the 2×2 table above. Calculate the odds ratio of the above study. Show work and round final answer to 2 decimal places.

Interpret the measure of association. Be sure to state the comparison groups and measure of association.

In this example, if cases with uterine cancer were more likely to accurately report tamoxifen use, what is this type of bias called?

What are the two primary benefits for matching in a case-control study?
Question 4An investigator conducts a study to determine whether there is an association between caffeine intake and Parkinson’s disease. He assembles 221 incident cases of PD and samples 337 controls from the general population. After interviewing all subjects, he finds that 78 of the cases had high daily intake of caffeine (exposed) prior to diagnosis and 226 of the controls had low daily intake of caffeine (unexposed) prior to the date of the matched case’s diagnosis.
Assemble the 2×2 table for this study using the information given.

Calculate the odds of being exposed among the cases. (round to 2 decimal places)

Calculate the odds ratio for exposure among those with the disease compared to the odds of exposure for those without the disease. Show work and round to 2 decimal places.

Interpret the odds ratio calculated.

In a sentence or two, describe why sampling incident cases is better than sampling prevalent cases for a case-control study. Answer in your own words.