solved ———————————â€

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
4—4
Architectural Studies  – Modern Architecture History 
Assignment 4:  
Chapters: 
1. Second Modernism + Radical Avant Gardes: Redefinitions, Techno-utopias, and Social Turmoil. Brutalism. Space Age 
Instructions: 
1. Awnser 4 out of 5 Questions: Research the web, as well printed material, including the Provided Textbook. 
2. TEXTBOOK: Modern Architecture since 1900

Questions: 
1.  Describe and Illustrate 4 characteristics of Brutalism   
-Reference: 
RAW MATERIALS (MOST COMMONLY CONCRETE)
     -BOLD, EXPRESSIVE GEOMETRIES
     -MASS FORM (OFTEN MEGA-STRUCTURES)
      -STRUCTURAL AUDACITY 
      -MODULARITY
     -INTERIOR SPATIALITY : CAVERNOUS, MULTI-LEVEL SPATIAL INTERPENETRATIONS 
     -CONCEALED OPENINGS, DAY LIGHTING FROM ABOVE  
2.  Name 3 important Brutalist Architects and their works in the U.S. Describe
-Reference:  
    -Paul Rudolph: Burroughs-Wellcome HQ NC, Tracey Towers, Bronx NYC, Art & Arch Building, Yale
     -Marcel Breuer: Whitney Museum, NYC,  Pirelli Tire Building, New Haven CT 
    -William Pereira: Geisel Library UCSD La Jolla
    -Kalman McKinnell:  City Hall, Boston MA
    -Eero Saarinen:  War Memorial Center. Milwaukee CT.????
3.  Describe the main relationship between form and function in Archigram’s Plugin City . (Curtis CH. 29)  
-Reference: 
– “ …the Plug-in City. This contained no buildings in the traditional sense, but “frameworks” into which standardized components could be slotted. Functions were not fulfilled by forms any longer, but by mechanical and electronic “services”.”   
4.  Provide one way in which Plug-in City references Constant’s New Babylon and one way in which they differ.   
-Reference:  
-Mega-structures, frameworks with no defined form or center, adaptable, flexible.  Built for a nomadic lifestyle. Difference:  New Babylon proposes a world outside the logic of capitalism, and of the current world order.  Archigram works within the consumer logic of late capitalism.  
5. What is a Mega-Structure? Illustrate with an (awesome) example.
-Reference: 
– A very large building, self-sustaining, and which contains functions and programs that allow it to be self-contained. A city-in-a-building.
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
5—5
Architectural Studies  – Modern Architecture History 
Assignment 5:  Post Modernism 
Chapters: Post Modernism
1.  Post Modernism Pt. 1: Memory + Contextualisms :New architectures in old contexts, and the metaphysics of Architecture 
2. Post Modernism Pt. 2: “PoMo”: Swapping identities, cosplay, and the apogee of corporate architecture 
3. Deconstructionism + Phenomenology + High Tech Theorization of form, and high complexities 
Instructions: 
1. Awnser 4 out of 5 Questions: Research the web, as well printed material, including the Provided Textbook. 
 
Questions: 
1. Postmodernism in architecture and design was the manifestation of shifting cultural forces. 
-Describe three shifts in perception, values, or cultural priorities that caused or affected those changes.   
2. How would you explain ‘presentness’, as argued by Peter Eisenman in “My Ideology is Better than Yours”?  
-Provide one example.   
3. Name three key PoMo architects, and one emblematic PoMo work, for each.
-Provide a minimum of insight about the importance of the selected works. Illustrate.   
4.  Is PoMo historicism the same as the search for memory and meaning? 
-Briefly explain why.   
5.  What is the main difference between Deconstructivism and Constructivism?     
-Name ONE Decon architect, and an emblematic work by them. Illustrate.
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
6—6
Architectural Studies  – Modern Architecture History 
Assignment 6:  
Chapters: 
1. Dutch Avant Garde:Programmism, Projective Practices, and the Second Modernity of Dutch Architecture 
2. Digital and Computational Architecture: Blobs to Parametricism to Genetic Algorithms 
Instructions: 
1. Awnser 4 out of 5 Questions: Research the web, as well printed material, including the Provided Textbook. 
2. TEXTBOOK: Modern Architecture since 1900
 
Questions: 
1. Why is the 1990’s period considered the Second Modernity of Dutch Architecture? When was the first?   
2.  According to Lootsma, what was the position of these architects towards Architecture’s autonomy?   
3.  Name 3 Dutch Avant-garde architects or designers relevant at the time, and one work by each.   
4.  Name one important contribution of OMA/Rem Koolhaas to architecture; one invention or innovation. ?Briefly explain it.   
5.  Why is the Dutch culture so familiar with abstraction? Is it something in their environment? Provide one reason.