solved Discuss/debate your position pertaining to biological and psychological perspectives of

Discuss/debate your position pertaining to biological and psychological perspectives of explaining crime. Also, examine at least one theory from the assigned reading that explain crime and articulate why you either strongly agree or disagree with it.
Also respond to two peers:
PEER 1:
Due to the proclivity of some persons towards crime, scientists have looked for natural explanations. In 1870, an Italian criminologist came to the conclusion that certain people are born criminals. Attempts were undertaken in the second part of the twentieth century to relate criminal inclinations to certain chromosomes in the genetic code. Males with defective chromosomes were no more likely to conduct violent actions than men with regular chromosomes, according to large-scale studies. The argument of Lombroso’s idea of “a born criminal” is that crime has an inherent nature and will persist in human society forever. Lombroso stated that the presence of more than five physical abnormalities in 43 percent of offenders validates his idea of the existence of a hereditary criminal type. There is nothing that education can do to help people who were born with twisted inclinations.
Criminal inclinations of a specific kind of personality are associated with both psychological and biological theories of crime. Some psychologists have proposed that a tiny percentage of people acquire an “immoral,” or psychopathic personality, based on Sigmund Freud’s views. Psychopaths are closed individuals who derive great pleasure from violence. Kohlberg established six stages of moral development, which are comparable to Piaget’s cognitive stages in that they replace one another in a precise order. The capacity to empathize and improve cognitive abilities enable the passage from one stage to the next (empathy) While the majority of people progress to at least the third stage, some people remain morally immature throughout their lives.
The theory of Criminal Behaviour is broken down into two parts: Nature and nurture and the desire and motivation to commit criminal acts. One’s urge or desire to commit a crime is the nature portion of DNA theory. This would be the biological side and what one would be born with, the thought behind keeping heinous criminals behind bars for a very long time. The product of one’s environment is the nurture side of the ENA (Evolutionary Neuroandrogenic Theory). “Criminal activity is learned from being exposed to having it modeled by others.” I agree with this statement because people follow or idolize other people. Crime doesn’t isn’t always caused by at-home experiences, but it can also be caused by some traumatic events. Traumatic events can have a psychological effect on an individual and may lead them to the life of crime, mostly for revenge.
The Life-Course Hypothesis is a theory with which I fully agree. This idea was very interesting to me since it focuses on the impact on an individual’s life and how it may affect their performance or change them as a person. The theory’s illustration used the scenario of a school shooting and the influence it would have on the children’s lives. Not only did it have an impact on the kids’ lives, but it also disrupted the educational process. As a result of this incident, individual safety may be jeopardized, and employment may suffer as a result. ENA believes that terrible criminals should be imprisoned for a lengthy time. The idea is to prevent them from reproducing and providing the world with biological criminals. This hypothesis is based on the idea that people can learn to become criminals, but they can also be born with characteristics that contribute to criminal behavior, such as drives and instincts. Growing raised in a high-crime region may encourage someone to choose a criminal career. They are constantly exposed to it and fall prey to it, eventually becoming criminals themselves. They may believe there is no other option. It’s possible that they’ll start small and work their way up to more serious criminal conduct. Higher-class neighborhoods may lead to white-collar crime and other high-level criminal activity. Some people may feel compelled to impress their peers, which may entail illegal behavior. This aligns with the ENA theory’s nurture vibe. This is a result of one’s surroundings. The nature component of DNA theory is one’s drive or desire to commit a crime. This is the biological aspect, and it is what one is born with, the idea of keeping horrible offenders locked up for a long period.

Peer 2:
Biological and psychological perspectives to explaining crime have found themselves imbedded into the discourse of the criminal justice system. While the classical view of criminology focuses on crime as a choice a person makes without consideration of other motivations, it appears that crime is much more complicated. There are so many factors that can contribute to the motivation of an offender to commit a crime. For example, some people may commit crime out of necessity to survive or feed their families. While it may seem like this is a choice and they chose to commit a crime, many offenders may feel they did not have a choice. Similarly, a person’s likeliness to commit a crime may be affected by psychological or biological factors.
Biological cause of crime can be triggered through several means. Nutrition is a well-known example of a biological inhibitor that can affect the likelihood that a person may have criminal outcomes. Those who experience malnutrition in utero and in their childhood have a higher likelihood of having criminal outcomes (Ling et al, 2019). This can be attributed to a lack of needed nutrients and fatty acids that are needed for neurocognition, physical health to improve self-esteem, and positive self-control (Ling et al, 2019). Nutrition has a direct effect on the development of the brain and brain processes. Those who may have suffered from malnutrition tend to have smaller prefrontal cortexes which is associated with poor decision-making, attention deficit disorders, poor emotional regulation, lack of impulse control, and issues with moral reasoning (Ling et al, 2019). All of these behaviors tend to be associated with criminal behaviors. These behaviors and biological factors can also be hereditary. Estimates show that psychological constructs could be heritable at a rate of 40-60%. (Glenn and Raine, 2014). This means that there is a higher likelihood of children of criminals to partake in criminal activity due to their genetic predispositions. There is also a long list of psychological predispositions that could lead to a likelihood of criminal behaviors. Antisocial disorders, intelligence levels, and other psychological factors can all be a precursor to an increased likelihood of participating in criminal activity.
The theory from the readings that I strongly agree with is the impact environment has on the likelihood that a person will commit a crime. As the readings mention this week, the interaction a person has with their environment is a large contributor to the possibility that they will partake in criminal behavior (Singh, & Rani, 2017). This is a sociological perspective that is based on the situations a person may be exposed to combined with psychological/biological dispositions of each person. For example, if a person is constantly exposed to contact with criminal patterns, these behaviors will be learned and replicated. I strongly agree that the environments that we grew up in as well as what we currently find ourselves in have a direct correlation to the likelihood that we will partake in criminal behavior.