solved (2) 125 words with 3 references (please use the classmates

(2) 125 words with 3 references (please use the classmates references) One: Medicare and Medicaid came about in 1965 from the Social Security Act by Former President Lyndon B. Johnson. (Weissert and Weissert, 2019). The Federal Government and States are the only governing entities of Medicaid. (Weissert and Weissert, 209). The ACA of 2010 promoted Medicaid expansion effective in 2014. The Supreme Court took on a National Federation of Independent Business V. Selbius at the 2011-2012 term. There are two provisions the Supreme Court was ruling on The individual mandate of the ACA of 2010 and Medicaid expansion to determine the constitutionality. (Kaiser Foundation, 2012). The individual mandate was determined constitutional and required people to have minimal health coverage for themselves and family members through the employer-covered insurance plan, the marketplace, Medicare or Medicaid, or other federally funded health insurance plans. ((Kaiser Foundation, 2012). There is no doubt that the Supreme Court ruling would impact the ACA of 2010 and Medicaid Expansion. Discussion The Supreme Court ruling on Medicaid Expansion impacted the state’s decision to implement the Medicaid expansion. To be clear, the Supreme Court ruling on either provision was not unanimous. The states had to meet the federal government requirements to receive the reimbursements from the ACA of 2010. One requirement was to implement the EMR by January of 2014. (Weissert and Weissert, 2019). The states slowly adapted to the new rules of the Medicaid expansion, and in 2012, 32 states and 21 states in 2013 started to simplify the enrollment process. (Kaiser Foundation, 2012). The Federal funding will increase in 2013 for primary care physicians and provider rates. (Kaiser Foundation, 2012). Benefits continue to be added, such as behavioral health and dental benefits. (Kaiser Foundation, 2012). Long-term care facilities are also included in the benefits of Medicaid expansion. Medicaid matched the funds for long-term care facilities. (Kaiser Foundation, 2012). Federal law before the ACA excluded non-disabled adults who were not pregnant with dependent children. People could apply for waivers for exceptions. The ACA of 2010 did include those that were formerly turned down. (Kaiser Foundation, 2012). The Supreme Court ruled that the individual mandate was constitutional, and it included a penalty for those who did not have health insurance. “The financial penalty will be a percentage of household income, subject to a floor and capped at the price of the forgone insurance coverage, assessed and collected by the IRS and reported on federal income tax returns. The penalty is the greater of $95 or 1% of income in 2014, $325 or 2% of income in 2015, and $695 or 2.5% of income in 2016, up to a maximum amount equal to the national average premium for bronze level health plans in the exchanges for the respective year. After 2016, the penalty dollar amounts are subject to an annual cost-of-living adjustment.” (ACA of 2010, 2010). I have come across many people in my personal life that paid the penalty rather than the high cost of health insurance. The lower rates were still too high for them to pay for coverage, and the penalty was cheaper to pay. ConclusionMedicaid expansion was left up to the states if they wanted to implement it or not. However, if the states implemented the expansion it would reduce the uninsured but increase enrollment by 41%. (Kaiser Foundation, 2012). The Supreme Court ruling allows states to incorporate the cost into their budgets or meet the Federal government requirements and let them pay 90% and the states 10%. (Kaiser Foundation, 2012). Whether people agree that Medicaid expansion is needed or not, it does help low-income people some help in the healthcare world that is so expensive and in a recovery part of the economic world due to a pandemic. every little bit of the Medicaid program is needed. ReferencesAffordable Care Act of 2010, (2010), 111th U.S. Congress, Retrieved from https://Congress.Gov.Kaiser Family Foundation. (2012). A guide to the Supreme Court’s affordable care act decision. Retrieved from http://www.kff.org/healthreform/upload/8332.pdf.Weissert, W. G., & Weissert, C. S. (2019). Governing Health: The Politics of Health Policy (5th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Two: Introduction: The Supreme Court ruled that the Affordable Care Act is constitutional, and states had a choice whether to expand Medicaid or not. The decision was historic as Medicaid has been controversial, and the issue of unconstitutionality was upsetting the states and the public against expanding Medicaid. The law provided for expanding Medicaid eligibility to 133% of the poverty level and provided federal funds to states for this expansion. The decision meant that all Americans have the right to Medicaid, insurance coverage because the federal government pays for the health program with taxpayer money. The ruling benefited more than 30 million uninsured Americans, and they can now access affordable and reliable health care (Jones, 2013). More than seven US presidents have been trying to repair the broken US healthcare system that prevents some people from accessing affordable healthcare. However, Lyndon B. Johnson brought hope to Americans in 1965 after creating Medicaid and Medicare. Therefore, the court upheld the argument that every American should have some form of health insurance (Berkowitz, 2005).Discussion: The opponents of ACA had launched a case against Medicaid expansion, and they argued that the act was unconstitutional. However, the majority were for the idea that everyone should have access to Medicaid. The court ruling by the five judges was that Medicaid and its expansion are constitutional, and every state has to decide whether to expand Medicaid or not. The main aim of expanding Medicaid is to reduce uninsured people (Frisvold & Jung, 2018). Factually, uninsured people may carry heavy healthcare burdens because they pay the full cost of healthcare while other taxpayers have access to affordable care. Thus, the ruling created a platform to save people who have been locked out and allow them to access care. The legislation permitted Medicaid to be expanded to cover low-income (Garfield, 2020). Thus, more adults become eligible for Medicaid, which means that the adults who have been locked out because of their income levels can now access affordable healthcare. The impact of the decision on the US population is that some states against the expansion of Medicaid had to comply with the order to cover more poor people. Factually, many states heavily depend on Medicaid funds provided by the federal government. The federal government agreed to increase its Medicaid funding to the states that expand the affordable healthcare program (Weissert & Weissert, 2019). The federal government was not bothered by whether states use the additional funds for the intended purposes. The law left many states with no choice but to expand Medicaid because they heavily rely on Medicaid funds. Some states see the ruling as an act of coercion by the federal government to the state governments to expand Medicaid.Conclusion: The impact of the ruling on the people who have insurance is that the insurance costs will be kept low. The overall premiums are likely to drop by 11 to 27%. Thus, the burden of health insurance premiums will be reduced significantly. To the people older people and those in poor health, they have the opportunity to cater for health services comfortably. However, to the young and healthy people, the ruling is not suitable for them because they have to pay for the plan that eventually helps old and sick people (Schmidt, Shore-Sheppard & Watson, 2019). Overall, the ruling has a positive impact on the Americans who are experiencing difficult times paying for the skyrocketing cost of healthcare. References Berkowitz E. (2005). Medicare and Medicaid: the past as prologue. Health care financing review, 27(2), 11–23.Jones E. C. (2013). Supreme Court decision on the Affordable Care Act: What does it mean for neurology?. Neurology. Clinical practice, 3(1), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0b013e318283ffb9Garfield, R., Damico, A., & Orgera, K. (2020). The coverage gap: uninsured poor adults in states that do not expand Medicaid. Peterson KFF-Health System Tracker. Disponível em:. Acesso em, 29.Frisvold, D. E., & Jung, Y. (2018). The impact of expanding Medicaid on health insurance coverage and labor market outcomes. International journal of health economics and management, 18(2), 99-121.Schmidt, L., Shore-Sheppard, L., & Watson, T. (2019). The Impact of Expanding Public Health Insurance on Safety Net Program Participation: Evidence from the ACA Medicaid Expansion (No. w26504). National Bureau of Economic Research.Weissert, W. G., & Weissert, C. S. (2019). Governing Health: The Politics of Health Policy (5th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.