solved I don’t know how to handle this Law question and

I don’t know how to handle this Law question and need guidance.

response to christopher keenan
Theories of Corrections and its Influence on Policy
This essay discusses the early intervention theory when applied to criminal justice, how it has influenced correctional policies and the long term effects of its application to the correctional system in the United States.  Cullen and Jonson (2017) present seven concepts of penology, originally called philosophies of punishment, which the authors have tempered to the title of theories of corrections.  They state that the shift in terminology is to properly align these concepts with the intended goal, which sometimes punishment is not necessarily the only objective.  As the authors point out, punishment is only part of the correctional equation, with the concepts of rehabilitation and deterrence playing an important role in the development of  the policies of the criminal justice system.   The authors point out that these theories should be applied to policy when they can be backed with evidence based research.  However, they contend that often these policies are chosen not because of statistical facts, but due to political pressure from public opinion.
                                                                                          Early Intervention Theory
Cullen and Jonson (2017) presents the early intervention theory as more of a concept of prevention than that of corrections.  While this is true, this student feels that this theory is one which holds the most promise since it draws from multiple disciplines to address the problem of crime.  Wacquant (2001) presents a similar assertion when examining the hyper-incarceration of African Americans during the past several decades.  The author states, “…one must break out of the ‘crime-and-punishment’ paradigm to reckon the extra-penological function of the criminal justice system…” (p. 95).  Early Intervention Theories are identified by Cullen and Jonson (2017) as addressing the biopsychological, social, and economic dynamics of a community, identifying those factors which have negative influences on one’s development which can lead to future criminal activities.  While the authors do confide that this theory is more focused on prevention, this student believes that a proactive approach to any societal issue, be it education, sanitation, or criminal justice, is more efficient and cost effective than reacting to a problem.
Looking at the example given by Cullen and Jonson (2017), a child born to a substance dependent mother is at risk for being born with an addiction themselves, a condition which presents comorbidity for developmental delays, cognitive disabilities and behavioral disorders.  As the child matures and enters the educational system, these disabilities prevent mainstreaming in the learning process, requiring special education intervention which, dependent on district services, may lack the ability to help the student.  Faced with growing disciplinary issues in school, coupled with marginalization exacerbated by race, ethnicity, culture and economic status, the student eventually gravitates to similar negative supports, eventually leading to suspension and expulsion from school; a cycle which has been coined the “school to prison pipeline” (Sherman & Jacobs, 2011).   Cullen and Jonson (2017) identify the dangerous trend  as an avoidable trajectory toward criminal activity, one which can be prevented early on in an individual’s development.  While they point out this theory does not address how corrections should be organized, they state that early intervention programs in health care have proven effective when situational pregnancies might lead to children with crime-inducing deficits. 
                                                                                Long Term Effects on Correctional Systems
Cullen et al., (2011) asserts that research has shown incarceration, especially that with a concentration on punishment alone, does not help to deter crime.  Interestingly, the authors explain that the data supports long term exposure while incarceration only increases the offender’s propensity to recidivism due to negative influences from other inmates.  Their argument against incarceration highlights that many who support “getting tough on crime” might actually have the opposite intended effect, perpetuating the offender which in turn, makes society less safe. When looking at crime through a sociological lens, Wacquant (2001) asserts prisons are only part of a larger system of subjugation and is interchangeable with the ghetto as a continuum of racial and class oppression.  When comparing correctional theories, Cullen and Jonson (2017) point out that early interventions can be considered the opposite of rehabilitation, since the focus of the theory is not only before incarceration, but before the commission of a crime.  Since this approach focuses on preventing the crime by using evidence-based interventions, the authors feel that this theory will play a larger role in the criminal justice system in the future.
                                                                                                  Christian Worldview
The study of the Scriptures reveals that while God has given man free will, he is taught how to avoid the temptation of sin.  This is accomplished through the teachings of morals and values, beginning with the family unit, “Train a boy in the way he should go; even when he is old, he will not swerve from it.”  (The New American Bible, 1970/2011, Proverbs 22:6).  Proverbs 11: 14 also states that when the family is unable to train the child, then it becomes the responsibility of the community to provide instruction and guidance, “For lack of guidance a people falls; security lies in many counselors.”  (NAB).  The Bible also tells society to, “learn to do good. Make justice your aim: redress the wronged, hear the orphan’s plea, defend the widow.”  (Isaiah 1:17).  Delivering a modern interpretation to scripture, Pope Francis, encapsulated the ideals of early intervention stating,  “Blessed are those who look into the eyes of the abandoned and marginalized, and show them their closeness.”  (Pentin, 2016, para 11).
                                                                                                         Conclusion
Correctional theories apply concepts which are utilized in the development of effective policy for the punishment and rehabilitation of society’s offenders.  However, evidence suggests that detention has the opposite intention of protecting society and with hyper-incarceration rates and the highest prison population in the industrialized world  (Cullen & Jonson, 2017), perhaps our current theories are flawed.  If the authors are correct in their prediction, an increased multidisciplinary approach to the prevention of crimes will be the preferred criminological in the future.  Just as crime prevention is a common facet of law enforcement functions, perhaps the concept of early intervention will be incorporated into correctional sciences for the coming decades.  The implications can be profound.  Identifying segments of the population who might be at risk for criminal behavior in the long run will require funding shifts from the reactionary institutions of police and corrections to the preventive programs of healthcare, education and social services. 
                                                                                                       References
Cullen, F. T., & Jonson, C. L. (2017). Correctional theory: Context and consequences (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. ISBN: 9781506306520.
Cullen, F. T., Jonson, C. L., & Nagin, D. S. (2011). Prisons Do Not Reduce Recidivism: The High Cost of Ignoring Science. The Prison Journal, 91(3_suppl), 48S-65S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885511415224
Pentin, E.  (2016).  Pope Francis Proposes 6 New Beatitudes to Confront Today’s Troubles.  The National Catholic Register.  (November 1, 2016).  Retrieved from:https://www.ncregister.com/blog/pope-francis-proposes-6-new-beatitudes-to-confront-today-s-tro
Sherman, F. and Jacobs, F.  (2011).   Juvenile Justice: Advancing Research, Policy and                    Practice. 1st ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 9780470497043.
The New American Bible.  (2011).  Revised Edition.  World Catholic Press.  Catholic Book Publishing Corp.  NJ.   (Original work published 1970).
Wacquant,  L. (2001). Deadly Symbiosis: When Ghetto and Prison Meet and Mesh. Punishment & Society, 3(1), 95–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/14624740122228276