solved Below are two different students that need a peer response

Below are two different students that need a peer response done to there discussion posts Student 1(Kellee): The Jacksonian Era brought many new and evolving political, economic, and social developments. It was a time where certain cities in the United States were becoming more urbanized, and the economy of the northern United States was becoming more market-based. The Missouri Controversy Documents show how the slave debate strengthened the divisions between northern and southern states. President Andrew Jackson’s 1832 message vetoing the Bank of the United States’ rechartering demonstrates how the changing economy affected politics.The “market revolution” marked a time in the history of the United States where its people were moving away from rural, subsistence-agricultural lifestyles and moving towards more urbanized, market-based economies. The change was primarily due to new technological advances, including harnessing steam power to power machines (Kelly Arehart et al., 2018). Cities grew as people came seeking new factory jobs, and with these changes, governments worked to develop town infrastructures to help facilitate new markets. Improving transportation networks was a huge part of these infrastructural developments. The construction of the Erie Canal was one example of an artificial waterway that helped enhance the movement of goods across the eastern and midwestern United States (Kelly Arehart et al., 2018). In Basil Hall’s observations of Rochester, New York, he describes how the cityscape quickly changed because of factories and new construction. He credits “the cheapness of conveyance on the Erie Canal” with the city’s success (83-87).The question of slavery in the United States played a significant role in political and economic divisions between the states in the Jacksonian Era. When settlers in the Missouri territory applied for statehood, southern politicians worried whether or not the new state would or would not be a slave state (Myles Beupre et al., 2018). The concern for both northern and southern states was political power and influence. The first solution to the Missouri Crisis was a proposed phasing out of slavery in the Missouri territory known as the Tallmadge Amendment, in which “all children born within the said state…shall be free at the age of twenty-five years,” but that was not amenable to southern politicians (Wilson 125). The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was the solution. The compromise, oddly, drew a rigid and literal line through the new state and in all of the remaining Louisiana territory (Conference committee, 1820). This act solidified the economic and social divisions between slave and non-slave states. Combined with the tariff of 1828, the issue over a states’ right to nullify federal laws would begin to dominate political debates.The new capitalist economy brought with it a new economic crisis, depressions. The panics of 1819, 1837, and 1857 derived from speculation in land, slaves, and railroad bonds (Kelly Arehart et al., 2018). Americans looked to banks for solutions with little success. President Andrew Jackson saw the Bank of the United States, in particular, as the main culprit behind the Panic of 1819. It seems that, like the Democratic-republicans that came before him, President Jackson mistrusted the federalist concept of a national bank. He felt the bank was not designed to act in the interest of the American people because it catered to foreign investors, and only the richest of Americans benefitted. Moreover, those wealthy, private citizens held a lot of power over a financial institution which was supposed to be a federal construct (Jackson, 1832). It is worth mentioning that although Jackson successfully stopped the rechartering of the bank, this action did not prevent future depressions, but something else came out of it. His assertion that “the humble members of society–the farmers, mechanics, and laborers–who have neither the time nor the means of securing like favors [privileges of wealth] to themselves, have a right to complain of the injustice of their Government” supported the basic foundation of the Democratic party (Jackson, 1832)(Myles Beupre et al., 2018).The Jacksonian Era was a time of much change in the United States. First, the country’s economy was becoming more capitalistic and experiencing the negative impacts of depressions. Second, cities were urbanizing, and innovations coupled with the need to move goods led governments to improve town infrastructures. Third, the ongoing human rights issue of slavery was continuing to divide the country politically and economically. President John Quincy Adams felt the Missouri Compromise revealed the faulty logic behind southern slave ideology. He states, “In the abstract they admit that slavery is an evil…But when probed to the quick about it, they show at the bottom of their souls pride and vainglory in their condition of masterdom” (Adams 231-32). And finally, a battle over a bank helped to define the philosophy of the Democratic party.Works CitedBasil Hall, Travels in North America, in the year 1827 and 1828 (Philadelphia: 1829), 83-87.Conference committee report on the Missouri Compromise, March 1, 1820; Joint Committee of Conference on the Missouri Bill, 03/01/1820-03/06/1820; Record Group 128l; Records of Joint Committees of Congress, 1789-1989; National Archives.James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1908 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1908), II: 576-591.John Quincy Adams, The Diary of John Quincy Adams, 1794-1845, ed., Allan Nevins (New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1951), 231-32.Kelly Arehart et al., “Market Revolution,” Jane Fiegen Green, ed., in The American Yawp, eds. Joseph Locke and Ben Wright (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018).Lawrence Wilson, ed., The National Register: A weekly paper, containing a series of the important public documents, and the proceedings of Congres…Volume VII (Washington City: 1819), 125.Myles Beupre et al., “Democracy in America,” Jonathan Wilfred Wilson, ed., in The American Yawp, eds. Joseph Locke and Ben Wright (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018). Student 2(Emma): The Jacksonian era was a time of tremendous economic growth, population movement, political change, and social tensions. Social developments during this time were positive for white males with money, but for most others, including women, Native Americans, and African Americans, it was a negative time. Women could not vote and were legally under the control of their husbands. Free blacks, if not completely deprived, were considered second‐class citizens at best, and slavery was growing in the southern states. Additionally, the period saw the resettlement of Native Americans west of the Mississippi River and the concentration of wealth in fewer and fewer hands. American politics became in one sense more democratic, in another more restrictive, and, in general, more partisan, and more effectively controlled by national parties. The market revolution transformed American business and global trade. It was a series of gradual transformations that began the process where most Americans no longer lived in the countryside and worked as small farmers or skilled artisan workers but instead lived in cities and worked in factories. A key factor that contributed to this economic shift was technological advancements in modes of transportation.The United States empire at this time had stretched from sea to sea, united by innovations in transportation and communications. These included the railroad, the telegraph, the steamboat, the Erie Canal, the steam-operated printing press, and innovations in papermaking. Steamboats revolutionized transportation in America by allowing easy travel upriver. Their greater speeds allowed more efficient transport of perishable goods. “Robert Fulton launched the first commercially viable steamship in the United States, Clermont, in 1807. Fulton described this first journey; we left the fair city of New York; we passed through the romantic and every-varying scenery of the Highlands; we descried the clustering houses of Albany; we reached its shores —and then, even then, when everything seemed achieved, I was the victim of disappointment. Imagination superseded the influence of fact. It was doubted if it could be done again, or if done; it could be made of any great value” (Fulton, 1807). The completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 had a considerable impact on the West. It encouraged further settlement in the West as it made traveling cheaper and more accessible. “Tom Thumb,” a locomotive designed by inventor Peter Cooper, made its inaugural run between Baltimore and Ellicott Mills on 28 August 1830.” In the beginning, no one dreamed of steam upon the road. Horses were to do the work, and even after the line was completed to Frederick [Maryland], relays of horses trotted the [railroad] cars from place to place… To ride in a railroad car in those days was, literally, to go thundering along, the roll of the wheels on the combined rail of stone and iron being almost deafening” (Latrobe, 1830). Transcontinental Railroad had a negative impact on the Plains Indians. They were forced to move away from the railroad despite it running through Indian Territory. The workers often killed buffalo for meat, and the track itself disrupted the Plains Indians’ buffalo hunting.As the first means of long-distance communication, the telegraph changed the shape of American society. The telegraph expanded and expedited the business possibilities. “Morse petitioned Congress to fund an experimental line from Baltimore to Washington, D.C., arguing that instantaneous communications would improve the commerce, governance, and defense of the nation. He is also remembered for Morse Code, a system of alphabetic transmission using dots and dashes—it is still used by aviators and sailors” (Morse, 1844). These innovations not only raised the standard of living but also fostered the growth of democracy. Improvements in communications resulted in people being less isolated. Cheaper paper, more efficient printing and faster transportation encouraged the escalation of newspapers and magazines. The press, in turn, facilitated the development of nationwide mass political parties. Many newspapers were put out by political parties to voice a point of view than for commercial reasons. Dirty campaigning was common during the era of Jacksonian democracy. Both candidates smeared one another with outlandish charges. One newspaper printed John Quincy Adams claim that “General Jackson had found at an Indian village, with their squaws and children, running about among their huts and determined to exterminate them. Five hundred and fifty-seven were left dead on the Peninsula” (Binns, 1828). “The development of Western lands created new questions for the republic. Robert Hayne, a South Carolinian, claimed against all constitutional precedent that states should have the power to control land within their borders and to “nullify” federal laws that interfered with states’ rights. Daniel Webster, a Massachusetts lawyer, replied, It is, sir, the people’s constitution, the people’s government; made for the people; made by the people, and answerable to the people. The people of the United States have declared that this constitution shall be the supreme law” (Webster, 1830). Jacksonian Democracy’s massive flaw was its blatant racial prejudice. Jackson saw the American Indians as uncivilized and in need of government, help to ensure their prosperity. These beliefs led Andrew Jackson to sign into effect the Indian Removal Act of 1830, displacing all Indians east of the Mississippi River. His policies directly led to the Trail of Tears, in which a quarter of all Cherokees who made the march died before they reached their destination of Oklahoma. The Jacksonian era reshaped the nation in fundamental ways, and Jacksonian democracy represented the best and worst qualities of American society.[WORKS CITED]Albert Bushnell Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries, 4 Vols., National Expansion, 1783-1845 (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1931), 561-63.Congressional Debates, 21 Congress, 1 session (Washington: Gales and Seaton, 1830), VI, pt. i, 73-80 passim.John Binns, “Some Account of the Bloody Deeds of General Jackson” [“Coffin Handbill”] (Philadelphia: The Democratic Press, 1828).“Robert Fulton to an Unknown Friend,” in Robert Fulton and the “Clermont”: The Authoritative Story of Robert Fulton’s Early Experiments, Persistent Efforts, and Historic Achievements, ed. Alice Crary Sutcliffe (New York: The Century Co., 1909), 202-03. Samuel Irenæus Prime, The Life of Samuel F.B. Morse (New York: D. Appleton, 1875), 495-96. Each student needs a 500-600 response to their post