solved Grossmont CollegeProfessor: Leila ParelloFinal Exam Summer Phil 125. Sec. 7744;

Grossmont CollegeProfessor: Leila ParelloFinal Exam Summer Phil 125. Sec. 7744; 8733PART 1 True/False: CHAPTERS 1-4- 38 pts. Place an X on the correct response.1. One goal of Critical Thinking is rationality. T___ F___2. A claim is rational when there is more evidence in favor of the claim than against it. T___ F___3. Autonomy refers to being self-directed and thinking independently. T___ F___4. Statements that cannot possibly be false we call “necessarily” true. T___ F___5. “Henry is a dishonest person,” is not an evaluative statement. T___ F___6. “Propositions” can be statements, questions, and commands. T___ F___7. An inference is usually asserted by the reasoning process and can be detected by the presence of premise and/or conclusion indicator words. T___ F___8. One of the benefits of critical thinking is that it can enhance our wisdom with respect to personal goals and everyday choices. T___ F___9. “Being an animal is a sufficient condition for being a tiger.” T___ F___10. “Burning leaves is a necessary condition for producing smoke.” T___ F___11. A stereotype is a judgment about a group of people and is never limited or untrue. T___ F___12. A deductive argument is an argument such that it is improbable that the premises be true and the conclusion false. T___ F___13. A common deductive argument form is the hypothetical syllogism. T___ F___14. A common inductive argument form is a disjunctive syllogism. T___ F___15. The concept of validity is best expressed by saying that the only truth condition a valid argument cannot have is true premises that lead to a false conclusion. T___ F___16. An explanation tries to prove that something is the case. T___ F___17. Complete objectivity is always one hundred percent achievable in our efforts towards critical thinking. T___ F___18. Empiricists are philosophers who believe that knowledge is gained primarily through the five senses, while Rationalists believe we gain it by way of reason. T___ F___19. If a premise is widely believed, and a matter of common knowledge then it is more likely to be accepted as true. T___ F___20. An essential definition (a real definition) focuses on qualities that are only secondary to the thing. T___ F___21. Reports and expository passages are usually not arguments, unless there is an inferential claim. T___ F___22. Semantic ambiguity means that the grammar is ambiguous or unclear. T___ F___23. One reason people use arguments is to persuade others. T___ F___24. A sound deductive argument must be valid, but need not have true premises. T___ F___25. Every structured cluster of propositions is necessarily an argument. T___ F___26. A deductive argument is valid when its premises, if true, provide conclusive grounds for the truth of its conclusion. T___ F___14. A common inductive argument form is a disjunctive syllogism. T___ F___15. The concept of validity is best expressed by saying that the only truth condition a valid argument cannot have is true premises that lead to a false conclusion. T___ F___16. An explanation tries to prove that something is the case. T___ F___17. Complete objectivity is always one hundred percent achievable in our efforts towards critical thinking. T___ F___18. Empiricists are philosophers who believe that knowledge is gained primarily through the five senses, while Rationalists believe we gain it by way of reason. T___ F___19. If a premise is widely believed, and a matter of common knowledge then it is more likely to be accepted as true. T___ F___20. An essential definition (a real definition) focuses on qualities that are only secondary to the thing. T___ F___21. Reports and expository passages are usually not arguments, unless there is an inferential claim. T___ F___22. Semantic ambiguity means that the grammar is ambiguous or unclear. T___ F___23. One reason people use arguments is to persuade others. T___ F___24. A sound deductive argument must be valid, but need not have true premises. T___ F___25. Every structured cluster of propositions is necessarily an argument. T___ F___26. A deductive argument is valid when its premises, if true, provide conclusive grounds for the truth of its conclusion. T___ F___27. Arguments based on mathematics are, by nature, deductive. T___ F___28. A hypothetical syllogism is a syllogism having a conditional statement for both of its premises.29. A categorical syllogism is an argument that is by nature deductive. T___ F___30. Arguments from prediction rely on probabilistic reasoning. T___ F___31. The premise: “I had lunch with three aliens from outer space yesterday,” should always be considered reliable testimony. T___ F___32. An argument that is based on a sign is always a sure thing and therefore not inductive. T___ F___33. A cogent argument may be weak. T___ F___34. If an argument has all true premises and a true conclusion then it is always valid. T___ F___35. A conditional statement differs from an argument because in an argument the premises are claimed to be true and no such claim is made for the antecedent of a conditional. T___ F___36. Being honest and dependable is not a condition to be considered in accepting a claim as coming from a legitimate authority. T___ F___37. If assuming the premises true and the conclusion false entails a contradiction, then the argument is valid. T___ F___38. “All dogs are mammals. Toby is a dog. So, Toby is a mammal.” Is an argument form called predicate instantiation, and is based on the idea of a categorical syllogism. T___ F___27. Arguments based on mathematics are, by nature, deductive. T___ F___28. A hypothetical syllogism is a syllogism having a conditional statement for both of its premises.29. A categorical syllogism is an argument that is by nature deductive. T___ F___30. Arguments from prediction rely on probabilistic reasoning. T___ F___31. The premise: “I had lunch with three aliens from outer space yesterday,” should always be considered reliable testimony. T___ F___32. An argument that is based on a sign is always a sure thing and therefore not inductive. T___ F___33. A cogent argument may be weak. T___ F___34. If an argument has all true premises and a true conclusion then it is always valid. T___ F___35. A conditional statement differs from an argument because in an argument the premises are claimed to be true and no such claim is made for the antecedent of a conditional. T___ F___36. Being honest and dependable is not a condition to be considered in accepting a claim as coming from a legitimate authority. T___ F___37. If assuming the premises true and the conclusion false entails a contradiction, then the argument is valid. T___ F___38. “All dogs are mammals. Toby is a dog. So, Toby is a mammal.” Is an argument form called predicate instantiation, and is based on the idea of a categorical syllogism. T___ F___PART 2: CHAPTERS 5-8 INFORMAL FALLACY DIALOGUE: 20 ptsRead The Dialogue. Determine whether the fallacy given in parentheses isTrue or False. Make a check mark, like an X, or write in True, False.”Hi! Glad you could make it,” Ralph says to his friend Claudia, at a Friday night party. “Hey, you just missed a great discussion that Tom, Ruben, and I were having about abduction by extraterrestrials. Ruben just left, but he said he’s been reading this book by Whitley Strieber–I think it’s called Transformation–in which Strieber describes being kidnapped by creatures from outer space.” “Good grief! You don’t actually believe that nonsense, do you?” Claudia asks incredulously. 1) [ possible Ad Hominem Abusive_] True____ or False____ “Well, I don’t think Strieber would lie. Also, Ruben told us an amazing personal story. He was out camping a year ago, and after he’d killed off a couple of six packs of Moosehead, he says he saw a UFO. So, I think we have to conclude there really are UFOs.” 2) [__Unqualified Authority_] True ____ or False _____ “What a joke!” Claudia laughs scornfully. “Ruben was probably hallucinating. By the way, didn’t he fail most of his classes last semester? His parents are spending a fortune for his education, and all he does is party, sleep, and ignore his studies. I think that’s immoral. 3) [_False Cause__] True ____ or False ____. As for Strieber, does he give any evidence?” “As a matter of fact, he does,” Ralph replies smugly. “Apparently, a few years ago, he was driving with his wife on some country road, when both of them experienced an unusual blackout. When they woke up, they were thirty-five miles further down the road, and they had no recollection of how they got there. Later, both began having dreams about extraterrestrials performing experiments on them while they were on board their spacecraft. Extraterrestrials must have abducted them, and then hypnotized them so they wouldn’t remember what had happened.” 4) [_False Cause Post Hoc ___] True ____ or False ____ “Oh yeah, now I remember who Strieber is,” answers Claudia, caustically. He’s that weirdo who dreams up all kinds of fantastic stories just so he can write books about them and make lots of money. 5) [_Ad Hominem Abusive and Circumstantial___] True ____ or False _____. If you give that sickie one minute of your time, then you’re crazier than he is.” 6) [ No Fallacy__] True ____ or False _____ “I think you’re prejudiced,” Ralph says. “Why, recent surveys show that sixty-four percent of the American public believes in UFOs, and the number is growing every day. That alone should convince you they’re real.” 7) [_Appeal to the People, Direct_] True ____ or False _____ “You’ve got to be kidding,” Claudia mutters, shaking her head in disbelief. “Well then, consider this,” insists Ralph. “There are hundreds of people out there who’ve had similar dreams and the same unaccounted for time lapses. They can’t all be fantasizing.” “I know that Strieber is a kook,” Claudia persists, “so all the others must be too.” 8) [ Red Herring__] True ____ or False ____ “Now, now, aren’t we jumping to conclusions?” her friend asks condescendingly. 9) [ Sarcasm, Ridicule] True ____ or False ____ “Not at all. First it was UFOs and little green men. Now those little creatures are abducting people and experimenting on them. Before long they’ll be manipulating our genes and trying to infiltrate the human race. In the end, everyone will suspect everyone else of being an alien, mass terror will prevail, and civilization will collapse!” Claudia exclaims in mock horror. 10) [_Slippery Slope _] True ____ or False ____ “Don’t be a fool!” Ralph barks, irritated. “The problem with you is you’re an agnostic.11) [_Ad Hominem Circumstatial__] True ____ or False _____. Obviously, you’re saying we should refuse to believe in anything we can’t clearly see or touch. So, logically, God doesn’t exist, and there is no immortal soul. 12) [_Straw Man__] True ____ or False _____.Tom, that’s what she’s saying, isn’t it?” “More or less,” Tom agrees halfheartedly. “Again, not at all,” Claudia responds. “What I’m saying is people have to be just a little bit critical about what they believe. Apparently you believe any cockamamie story that comes your way. You’re just so gullible.13) [__Red Herring__] True ____ or False _____. If you keep it up, everyone and their dog will take you for a ride.” “Oh yeah? If I were you, I’d take a close look at my own beliefs,” Ralph gibes. “Didn’t I see you reading the astrology column just the other day? 14) [_Tu Quoque (you too)_] True ____ or False _____. Nobody in their right mind believes in astrology.15) [_No fallacy__] True ____ or False _____. Maybe I should start screaming ‘Claudia believes in astrology! Claudia believes in astrology!’ Then everyone will gawk at you, and that sexy physics major you’re dying to get a date with will think you’re a nut.” 16) [_Appeal to Force__] True ____ or False _____. “Oh, shut up!” says Claudia, blushing. “I may read the astrology column, but I certainly don’t believe it. I just read it for fun. But, the fact is, during the past twenty-five years there have been thousands of alleged sightings of UFOs, and not a single one has led to any solid evidence of their existence. What do you make of that?” “I think we should look at this situation the other way around,” Ralph says. Up until now, nobody has shown that UFOs don’t exist, so I think we should give those people who claim they have seen them the benefit of the doubt. We should believe in UFOs and extraterrestrials until the sightings are proven false. 17) [_Appeal to Ignorance__] True ____ or False _____. “Well, okay, let’s suppose, just for the sake of argument, that I admit the existence of UFOs and their little green drivers. How are we supposed to respond to them? What are we supposed to do?” Claudia asks. “For starters, we should extend an open invitation to them,” answers Ralph. “They may come from a dying planet where millions of their compatriots desperately struggle for survival. Their sun may be burning out, their water supply exhausted, and their soil poisoned with toxic chemicals. Surely they deserve a second chance on a new planet.” 18) [ Appeal to Pity__] True ____ or False _____. “Maybe so,” Claudia says in a patronizing tone. “And now that you mention it, we probably have a legal obligation to let them in. Our current immigration laws say that we have to admit at least ten thousand alien applicants annually, from every major nation. If those aliens would just sign the right papers, we’d have to give them permanent residency. 19) [_Equivocation_] True ____ or False _____. However, what worries me is, they may have the wrong intentions. After all, didn’t they conduct experiments on those people they abducted?” “Yes, but, similarly, don’t we experiment on animals? If the animals don’t complain, why should we? 20) [_Tu Quoque_] True ____ or False _____. Also, medical experimentation often leads to wonderful new cures. I’m certain we have nothing to worry about,” says Ralph, proud of his conclusion. [Missing the point] “Humph! I hope you’re right. Well, I’ve got to go now–and don’t let any green men kidnap you,” Claudia says with a barb. “And you either,” Ralph answers.Dialogue from Patrick Hurley’s A Concise Introduction to Logic.PART 3: ETHICAL REASONING: Write a brief essay using an argumentative thesis explaining one theory in Chapter 11 on Ethics. Defend why you feel this theory is a good ethical theory in today’s world. (42 pts)