solved I HAVE TO REPLY TO THESE 2 POSTS FIRST POST

I HAVE TO REPLY TO THESE 2 POSTS FIRST POST The kidney secretes prostaglandins that stimulate renin production. The enzyme plays a central rate-limiting role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone hormonal mechanism that helps control blood pressure (Acharya & Olivero, 2018). The kidney also responds to vitamin D that supports insulin secretion and blood pressure regulation.Renal calculi cause severe pain, hematuria, vomiting, and septicemia. It can also trigger renal scarring and urinary tract obstruction (UTO) that initiate permanent renal failure (Leslie et al., 2020). Hence, renal calculi are a precursor of UTO.Several risk factors expose individuals to renal diseases: hypertension, diabetes, obesity, old age, acute kidney injury, smoking, and heart diseases. Genomic factors also contribute to chronic kidney disease (CKD), Fabry diseases, and polycystic kidney disease (PKD) (Cañadas-Garre et al., 2019). Hereditary diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, may trigger kidney diseases.Urinary tract infections (UTIs) denote bladder or kidney inflammations caused by bacteria. They are curable and disappear 48 hours after commencing treatment. Conversely, pyelonephritis occurs as a compilation of ascending UTI that spreads from the bladder to the kidney (Belyayeva & Jeong, 2021). Nausea, flank pain, fever, and vomiting symptomize it. Medication therapies can treat pyelonephritis. Glomerulonephritis entails glomeruli inflammation, characterized by “immune-mediated damage to the basement membrane, mesangium, or the capillary endothelium, leading to hematuria, proteinuria, and azotemia” (Kazi et al., 2021). Individuals can reverse it using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), alpha-adrenergic agonists, and diuretics (Kazi et al., 2021). Overall, UTIs, pyelonephritis, and glomerulonephritis differ in prognosis, pathophysiology, and clinical symptoms.A mismatch between nutrient and oxygen delivery to the nephrons and high energy demands due to cellular stress triggers acute kidney failure (AKF). Its primary causes include hypotension, severe organ failure, and acute tubule necrosis (Bindroo & Rodriguez, 2021). AKF reduces the kidney’s ability to concentrate urine, excrete wastes, maintain fluid balance, and conserve electrolytes (Gaut & Liapis, 2021). Physicians use fluid replacement, diuretic medications, and dialysis to treat AKF.Chronic renal failure (CRF) occurs due to permanent impairment of the kidney function caused by diabetes mellitus, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, PKD, prolonged UTO, and nephrolithiasis (Bindroo & Rodriguez, 2021). Hypertension, water-electrolyte imbalance, malaise, pulmonary edema, and appetite loss characterize it (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2019). Peritoneal dialysis, hemofiltration, low protein diet, kidney transplantation, calcium reducers, and diuretics can help assuage CRF’s symptoms. ReferencesAcharya, V., & Olivero, J. (2018). The kidney as an endocrine organ. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal, 14(4), 305-307. https://dx.doi.org/10 (Links to an external site.).14797/mdcj-14-4-305Belyayeva, M., & Jeong, J. M. (2021, July 10). Acute pyelonephritis. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NB (Links to an external site.)K519537/Bindroo, S., & Rodriguez, B. Q. (2021, July 4). Renal failure. StatPearls. https://www.statpearl (Links to an external site.)s.com/ArticleLibrary/viewarticle/28355Cañadas-Garre, M., Anderson, K., Cappa, R., Skelly, R., Smyth, L. J., McKnight, A. J., & Maxwell, A. P. (2019). Genetic susceptibility to chronic kidney disease – Some more pieces for the heritability puzzle. Frontiers in Genetics, 10, 453. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.201 (Links to an external site.)9.00453Gaut, J. P., & Liapis, H. (2021). Acute kidney injury pathology and pathophysiology: A retrospective review. Clinical Kidney Journal, 14(2), 526-536. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa142Kazi, A. (2021, February 11). Glomerulonephritis. StatPearls. https://www.statpearls.com/ArticleLibrary/viewarti… (Links to an external site.)Leslie, S.W., Sajjad, H., & Murphy, P.B. (2021, July 1). Renal calculi. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442014/ (Links to an external site.)Mayo Clinic Staff. (2019, August 15). Chronic kidney disease. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chr… SECOND POST As an endocrine gland, the kidney produces the hormone renin. According to Chalmers (2019), this hormone regulates blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin pathway. The blood pressure entering the glomerulus determines the quantity of renin kidneys produce. Urinary tract obstruction that results from renal calculi can cause complications such as bacterial infections within the renal pelvis. Urinary stasis resulting from the obstruction can create ideal conditions for bacteria growth. Old age, Diabetes Mellitus, and high blood pressure can increase an individual’s predisposition to renal diseases. Additionally, factors such as cultural or ethnic backgrounds and socioeconomic status can determine the speed at which the disease progresses (Thomas, 2019). Moreover, researchers have established that a family history of kidney disease increases the chances of the disease, thus implying the possibility of inheritance.Uropathogens such as Escherichia coli are responsible for most urinary tract infections (UTIs). These bacteria attach themselves to the cell lining of the urinary tract and cause tissue damage as they spread. UTIs can present in various ways, including fever, pain during urination, and sometimes through the presence of blood in the urine, which may be visible or non-visible. Typically, UTIs are not serious and disappear quickly with treatment. However, in some cases, UTIs can lead to pyelonephritis. This infection can lead to extensive destruction of nephrons, and in severe cases, can cause established renal failure (Chalmers, 2019). Ordinarily, pyelonephritis presents as fever and loin pain. While the unilateral chronic infection is primarily benign, the bilateral chronic infection might result in the accelerated arrival of chronic renal disease.Interactions between antigens and antibodies within the glomeruli can damage the functionality of the glomerular capillary network, causing glomerulonephritis (Chalmers, 2019). It can impact the kidney’s blood pressure regulation function resulting in hypertension or even impair the kidney’s excretory functions. This condition may present as established renal disease or increased levels of protein in the urine. Depending on the type of glomerulonephritis, the prognosis can range from no complications to established renal failure in severe cases.Acute kidney failure is the result of an abrupt loss of renal function, affecting the kidneys excretory role (Dainton, 2019). Acute renal failure might result from hypotension, urinary tract obstructions, or physical damage to the kidneys. Typically, acute renal failure manifests as anemia, reduced frequency of urination, clotting, or unexplained weight loss (Mahon et al., 2013). Renal specialists may use stenting to relieve urological obstructions, recommend suitable dialysis or renal replacement therapy.Diabetes Mellitus and high blood pressure are responsible for chronic renal failure (Thomas, 2019). The illness ordinarily presents as edema, lethargy, or lower back pain. Although some categories of chronic renal failure only necessitate lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise, healthy diet, and management of hypertension and diabetes where necessary, severe categories of the ailment require suitable renal replacement therapy.ReferencesChalmers, C. (2019). Applied anatomy and physiology and the renal disease process. In N. Thomas (Ed.), Renal nursing: Care and management of people with kidney disease (5th ed., pp. 21-58). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Dainton, M. (2019). Acute Kidney Injury. In N. Thomas (Ed.), Renal nursing: Care and management of people with kidney disease (5th ed., pp. 105-126). John Wiley & Sons.Mahon, A., Jenkins, K., & Burnapp, L. (Eds.). (2013). Oxford Handbook of Renal Nursing. Oxford University Press.Thomas, N. (2019). Chronic kidney disease. In N. Thomas (Ed.), Renal nursing: Care and management of people with kidney disease (5th ed., pp. 127-146). John Wiley & Sons.