solved Please respond to two of my classmates by using your

Please respond to two of my classmates by using your own personal opinion and research. Replies must be in the 100-150 words. Please no plagiarism. The discussion questions were as followed:Explain why the development of normative and descriptive theories is important for understanding public budgeting. How can these theories be applied to public sector organizations to improve their fiscal efficiency?How can actions by a state government assist or impair its local governments in times of fiscal stress? Explain different ways that states could take an active role as a local government nears bankruptcy? 1st Response:Knowing and understanding the development of normative and descriptive theories for budgeting is important in any organizations budget planning process. “Government officers find much of what they do specified or limited by action guiding language. Much of this language is narrow and technical in nature, consisting of regulations, SOP’s, manuals, precedents, and performance plans. These norms arc often concrete and specific” (Williams et al., 1997, para. 1). Williams is identifying the purpose of normative theory in being strict and non-deviating from the structure and format of budgeting.”Describes the past and present and projects the future of the relationship between theory and practice for normative and descriptive budget theory. Considers the present and future of normative theory gloomy because budgeting has changed and traditional reform ideas have outlived their usefulness. States that descriptive theory has improved and will probably do well in the near future” (Rubin et al., 1990, para. 1). Descriptive budgeting theory describes the regularities in the choices that people make when budgeting. The difference between the descriptive budget theory and Normative budget theory is that normative budgeting accounts for the decisions people should be making based on regulations, SOP’s and manuals.Normative has historically been the used procedures for budgeting in the business sector, with guidelines and procedures on how all funds and accounts are to be handled and processed.States taking an active role in municipal agencies nearing bankruptcy allows the stated to set guidelines and regulations to help control spending at the municipal level. By controlling the income and expenditures of the municipalities it allows the state to ensure frivolous spending is limited and accounts are balanced. 2nd Response:The normative theory models the most ideal decision for the given situation while the descriptive theory focuses on what will actually happen in a given situation by taking into account outside factors (Sancrainte, 2019). Public budgeting uses both theories to predictively develop budgets. The Normative theory views values based on how things should be and not necessarily how they are done in actual practice (Willoughby, 2014). The descriptive theory uses documentation of past financial trends to arrive at budgeting decisions. The normative theory bases decision making on how to control budgets, while the descriptive theory allows for increases and project improvements.State and local governments are limited in actions related to fiscal action by their legal responsibilities. According to Willoughby (2014), “local governments do not have many options for managing through severe fiscal stress without making difficult decisions about spending, taxes, or debt. Like the US states, local governments in dire fiscal straits cannot afford to compromise their credit rating that influences how much it costs them to borrow money.” Only half of the states allow local governments to file for bankruptcy. States can take an active role by assisting local governments by offering loans to reduce the burden of expenses or allowing them to impose taxes to increase revenues.