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Research Design and t Tests: How Are They Connected?
Whether in a scholarly or practitioner setting, good research and data analysis should have the benefit of peer feedback. The practice of quantitative research not only involves statistical calculations and formulas but also involves the understanding of statistical techniques related to real world applications. You might not become a quantitative researcher nor use statistical methods in your profession, but as a consumer, citizen, and scholar-practitioner, it will be important for you to become a critical consumer of research, which will empower you to read, interpret, and evaluate the strength of claims made in scholarly material and daily news.

For this Discussion, you will critically evaluate a scholarly article related to t tests.

To prepare for this Discussion:

Search for and select a quantitative article specific to your discipline and related to t tests. Help with this task may be found in the Course guide and assignment help linked in this week’s Learning Resources. Also, you can use as a guide the Research Design Alignment Table located in this week’s Learning Resources.

By Day 3:

Write a 3- to 5-paragraph critique of the article. In your critique, include responses to the following:

What is the research design used by the authors?
Why did the authors use this t test?
Do you think it’s the most appropriate choice? Why or why not?
Did the authors display the data?
Do the results stand alone? Why or why not?
Did the authors report effect size? If yes, is this meaningful? 

Be sure to support your Main Post and Response Post with reference to the week’s Learning Resources and other scholarly evidence in APA Style.

Example

Sharnia Lashley
RE: Discussion – Week 6
COLLAPSE
Background of Research and Measures
From 06/01/2015 to 02/28/2016, Damares et al. (2018) utilized a cross-sectional, correlational study to assess the existence of compulsive overeating disorder and to look at the disorder’s relationship with anxiety and depression symptoms and clinical and sociodemographic data through a sample (n=111) of overweight or obese, adult cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients of a São Paulo hospital. The researchers used the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to collect anxiety and depressive data, a Likert scale instrument called Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica ECAP (Binge Eating Scale – BES) to evaluate compulsive overeating anxiety and a specific tool to collect clinical (i.e., BMI and other data) and sociodemographic data to assess relationships between this data (Damares et al., 2018).
Research Analysis Methods
Data processing and analysis ensued through SPSS, with mean, median, and standard deviation, measures of effect size utilized in the descriptive analysis. The researchers set a 0.05 level of significance (Damares et al., 2018). Researchers used Cronbach’s Alpha, at 0.85, to measure internal consistency for the BES, the chi-square test with the qualitative and the independent samples t-test to compare data, ANOVA, and two other tests (Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney) with the quantitative data (Damares et al., 2018).
Results, T-test, and Meaningfulness
The authors appropriately reported the average (mean) score across participants for the scale variables as continuous, using the variables as dependent in the t-test as a result (Walden University, n.d.). Table 1, also shared below, displays means, medians, and standard deviation measurement data for body mass index and anxiety symptom variables by participant’s compulsive overeating information (Damares et al., 2018). A figure displayed the Pearson correlation analysis of the depression and anxiety variables (Damares et al., 2018). The results do not seem to stand alone with sociodemographic outcomes described and other variable data displayed. Table 1 (Damares et al., 2018) exhibits that most patients did not have compulsive overeating disorder (n=91 of 111 or 82%), leaving 18% that did. There was an association of higher BMI (p=0.010) with compulsive overeating (Damares et al., 2018). The results indicate no significant correlation with compulsive overeating levels (p=0.053). However, in the presence or absence of compulsive overeating, an association surfaced (p=0.017, Damares et al., 2018)). Other results included weak to moderate correlation between “anxiety with age (r=-0.260, p=0.005) and depression (r=0.506; p=<0001”, Damares et al., 2018). The reported effect size is meaningful to evaluating CVD patients when it comes to physical and mental characteristics. Table 1 Measurements of body mass index and anxiety symptoms variables according to participants’ compulsive overeating (n = 111). São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, 2015-2016 Variables Body Mass Index Anxious Symptoms Mean [SD* (Median)] Mean [SD* (Median)] Compulsive overeating Absent (n=91) 30.00 [3.50 (29.390)] 8.34 [4.44 (8.00)] Moderate (n=15) 33.28 [4.10 (33.590)] 11.33 [5.38 (12.00)] Severe (n=5) 31.92 [4.49 (32.540)] 10.2 [3.76 (11.00)] P-Value 0.010† 0.053‡ Compulsive overeating Absent (n=91) -- 8.34 [4.44 (8.00)] Present (n=20) -- 11.05 [4.95 (11.5)] P-Value -- 0.017‡ *standard deviation; †Analysis of Variance Test (ANOVA); ‡Kruskal-Wallis test Reprinted from “Relationship between anxiety, depressive symptoms and compulsive overeating disorder in patients with cardiovascular diseases, by Damares Garcia, G., Alcalá Pompeo, D., Palota Eid, L., Bernardi Cesarino, C., Pinto, M. H., & Paiva Gonçalves, L. W., 2018, Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem (RLAE), 26, 1–9. https://doi-org/10.1590/1518-8345.2567.3040 References Damares Garcia, G., Alcalá Pompeo, D., Palota Eid, L., Bernardi Cesarino, C., Pinto, M. H., & Paiva Gonçalves, L. W. (2018). Relationship between anxiety, depressive symptoms and compulsive overeating disorder in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem (RLAE), 26, 1–9. https://doi-org/10.1590/1518-8345.2567.3040 Walden University. (n.d.). Skill builders - Skill builder 14: Hypothesis Testing for Independent Samples t-test. Walden University Blackboard. (S) emelda2016: Include able 1 Measurements of body mass index and anxiety symptoms variables according to participants’ compulsive overeating (n = 111). São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, 2015-2016 Variables Body Mass Index Anxious Symptoms Mean [SD* (Median)] Mean [SD* (Median)] Compulsive overeating Absent (n=91) 30.00 [3.50 (29.390)] 8.34 [4.44 (8.00)] Moderate (n=15) 33.28 [4.10 (33.590)] 11.33 [5.38 (12.00)] Severe (n=5) 31.92 [4.49 (32.540)] 10.2 [3.76 (11.00)] P-Value 0.010† 0.053‡ Compulsive overeating Absent (n=91) -- 8.34 [4.44 (8.00)] Present (n=20) -- 11.05 [4.95 (11.5)] P-Value -- 0.017‡  Example Include Health satisfaction and family impact of parents of children with cancer: a descriptive cross-sectional study. Which is the research design used by the authors? The purpose of the article was to investigate the links between parents’ satisfaction with the health care offered to their children with cancer and the impact on families of caring for such a child in a Middle Eastern country (Al-Gamal et al., 2019). The authors use a descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional research design. The article show how parents can have a different response to their children who have cancer. The research also shows the psychological resilience that parents can have when dealing with children who have cancer. The study consisted of 113 parents who has a child with cancer. The impact on parents of coping with a child who has cancer can be both severe and multifarious (Al-Gamal et al., 2019). Why did the authors use this t test? The t-test was selected to calculate the effect of gender on family impact and parental satisfaction with health care. The level of statistical significance was considered to be .05. Using t-test was appropriate because, t-test statistic is computed to test the null hypothesis about a population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown and is estimated using the sample standard deviation (Frankfort-Nachmias et al., 2021). Also, the t-test is used to compare the means of two populations which the researchers did using effect of gender on family and parental satisfaction with health care. Did the author display data? The authors did display the statistical data in the research article. The results show that there was a positive significant correlation between the social functioning scales used in the analysis. The results do not stand alone. There is not much statistical knowledge and insight on the effects that of this study. The effect size was not reported in the article. Table 1 Means and standard deviations of The PedQL family impact scale (n=113) Table 2 Means and standard deviations of the PedQL healthcare satisfactions hematology/oncology module and the SDQ parent report (n=113). Table 3 Relationship between PedsQL family scale and SDQ (n=113) Results of the Study The results of the study determined that parents expressed satisfaction with their child’s health care, but very little or any attention had been given to the parents’ emotional needs. Also, shown is that in cases where children were reported to exhibit more emotional and behavioral problems correlated with gender negative impact on the family and disrupted the families functioning (Al-Gamal et al., 2019). The study also showed that family relationship was found to be the best functioning domain, and daily activities were seen to be the poorest.