solved You should respond to  your peers by extending, refuting/correcting,

You should respond to  your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. 
All replies must be constructive and use literature where possible.

Kellian  Giufurta 
Module 6 Discussion: Case Study #2
Childhood obesity is a serious problem in the United States, putting children and adolescents at risk for poor health. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021), the prevalence of obesity from 2017-2018 was 19.3% and affected about 14.4 million children and adolescents (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2021). Education on obesity is a sensitive issue for students and families and must be addressed with compassion, understanding, and caring. Advanced practice nurses (APNs) can promote and implement effective strategies to reduce childhood and adolescent obesity in their communities. Education topics such as overweight prevention strategies, healthy lifestyle behaviors, daily physical activity requirements, and preventable health risks associated with obesity should be provided to students. For example, getting optimal sleep, reducing stress, eating more fruits and vegetables, and walking more help to maintain a healthy weight (CDC, 2021). 
Eating disorders are serious medical illnesses marked by disturbances to a person’s eating behaviors. Obsessions with food, body weight, and shape may be signs of an eating disorder. Interventions for adolescents suspected of having an eating disorder should include screening, comprehensive evaluation, treatment of acute medical complications, psychological and psychiatric referrals, and medications including complementary and alternative medicines (Lock & La Via, 2015). For example, if there is a concern about the ratio of height to weight or evidence of growth failure, there are several screening tests including The Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q), Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), and Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) that can be useful in screening for eating disorders. Evaluation of comorbid symptoms including depressive symptoms, anxiety, obsessional thoughts, self-injurious behavior, and suicidality should be conducted. Laboratory testing includes a complete blood count, chemistry profile including electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, and liver functions including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). A dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) of bone should be conducted in females with amenorrhea lasting more than 6 months and yearly if amenorrhea persists (Lock & La Via, 2015). Initiating conversations about eating disorders should begin with exploring the child’s self-image and self-esteem. One can ask the child to describe how they feel about food, eating habits, and weight.  
Physical changes of puberty mark the onset of adolescence. Puberty begins at around 10–11 years old for girls and 11–12 years old for boys. For both boys and girls, these changes include a growth spurt in height, growth of pubic and underarm hair, and skin changes. Boys also experience growth in facial hair and a deepening of their voice. Girls go through breast development and begin menstruating in puberty (Learning, n.d.). These pubertal changes are driven by hormones, particularly an increase in testosterone for boys and estrogen for girls. Every person’s individual time for puberty is different and is primarily influenced by heredity; however environmental factors such as diet and exercise influence timing. This average age of puberty onset has decreased gradually over time, which can be attributed to nutrition, obesity, increased father absenteeism, and other environmental factors (Learning, n.d.).
Interpersonal violence is the fourth leading cause of death in adolescents and young people globally. According to the global school-based student health survey, 42% of adolescent boys and 37% of adolescent girls were exposed to bullying. Sexual violence also affects 1 in 8 young people (World Health Organization, 2021). Efficient prevention and response strategies include promoting parenting and early childhood development, supporting school-based bullying prevention, and providing education on the reduction of alcohol and firearm use.