How to Write an Essay on Consumer Behavior: Outline
Reading Material belowÂ
Lesson 9
Diffusion of Innovation
Products tend to go through a life cycle. Initially, a product is introduced. Since the product is not well known and is usually expensive (e.g., as microwave ovens were in the late 1970s), sales are usually limited. Eventually, however, many products reach a growth phase—sales increase dramatically. More firms enter with their models of the product. Frequently, unfortunately, the product will reach a maturity stage where little growth will be seen. For example, in the United States, almost every household has at least one color TV set. Some products may also reach a decline stage, usually because the product category is being replaced by something better. For example, typewriters experienced declining sales as more consumers switched to computers or other word processing equipment. The product life cycle is tied to the phenomenon of diffusion of innovation. When a new product comes out, it is likely to first be adopted by consumers who are more innovative than others—they are willing to pay a premium price for the new product and take a risk on unproven technology. It is important to be on the good side of innovators since many other later adopters will tend to rely for advice on the innovators who are thought to be more knowledgeable about new products for advice.
At later phases of the PLC, the firm may need to modify its market strategy. For example, facing a saturated market for baking soda in its traditional use, Arm ü Hammer launched a major campaign to get consumers to use the product to deodorize refrigerators. Deodorizing powders to be used before vacuuming were also created.
It is sometimes useful to think of products as being either new or existing.
Many firms today rely increasingly on new products for a large part of their sales. New products can be new in several ways. They can be new to the market—noone else ever made a product like this before. For example, Chrysler invented the minivan. Products can also be new to the firm—another firm invented the product, but the firm is now making its own version. For example, IBM did not invent the personal computer, but entered after other firms showed the market to have a high potential. Products can be new to the segment—e.g., cellular phones and pagers were first aimed at physicians and other price-insensitive segments. Later, firms decided to target the more price-sensitive mass market. A product can be new for legal purposes. Because consumers tend to be attracted to “new and improved†products, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) only allows firms to put that label on reformulated products for six months after a significant change has been made.
The diffusion of innovation refers to the tendency of new products, practices, or ideas to spread among people. Â Usually, when new products or ideas come about, they are only adopted by a small group of people initially; later, many innovations spread to other people.Â
The bell shaped curve frequently illustrates the rate of adoption of a new product. Â Cumulative adoptions are reflected by the S-shaped curve. Â The saturation point is the maximum proportion of consumers likely to adopt a product.
In the case of refrigerators in the U.S., the saturation level is nearly one hundred percent of households; it well below that for video games that, even when spread out to a large part of the population, will be of interest to far from everyone.
Several specific product categories have case histories that illustrate important issues in adoption. Â Until some time in the 1800s, few physicians bothered to scrub prior to surgery, even though new scientific theories predicted that small microbes not visible to the naked eye could cause infection. Â Younger and more progressive physicians began scrubbing early on, but they lacked the stature to make their older colleagues follow.
ATM cards spread relatively quickly.  Since the cards were used in public, others who did not yet hold the cards could see how convenient they were.  Although some people were concerned about security, the convenience factors seemed to be a decisive factor in the “tug-of-war†for and against adoption.
The case of credit cards was a bit more complicated and involved a “chicken-and-egg†paradox.  Accepting credit cards was not a particularly attractive option for retailers until they were carried by a large enough number of consumers.  Consumers, in contrast, were not particularly interested in cards that were not accepted by a large number of retailers.  Thus, it was necessary to “jump start†the process, signing up large corporate accounts, under favorable terms, early in the cycle, after which the cards became worthwhile for retailers to accept.
Rap music initially spread quickly among urban youths in large part because of the low costs of recording. Â Later, rap music became popular among a very different segment, suburban youths, because of its apparently authentic depiction of an exotic urban lifestyle.
Hybrid corn was adopted only slowly among many farmers. Â Although hybrid corn provided yields of about 20% more than traditional corn, many farmers had difficulty believing that this smaller seed could provide a superior harvest. They were usually reluctant to try it because a failed harvest could have serious economic consequences, including a possible loss of the farm. Â Agricultural extension agents then sought out the most progressive farmers to try hybrid corn, also aiming for farmers who were most respected and most likely to be imitated by others. Â Few farmers switched to hybrid corn outright from year to year. Â Instead, many started out with a fraction of their land, and gradually switched to 100% hybrid corn when this innovation had proven itself useful.
Several forces often work against innovation.  One is risk, which can be either social or financial.  For example, early buyers of the CD player risked that few CDs would be recorded before the CD player went the way of the 8 track player. Another risk is being perceived by others as being weird for trying a “fringe†product or idea.  For example, Barbara Mandrell sings the song “I Was Country When Country Wasn’t Cool.† Other sources of resistance include the initial effort needed to learn to use new products (e.g., it takes time to learn to meditate or to learn how to use a computer) and concerns about compatibility with the existing culture or technology.  For example, birth control is incompatible with strong religious influences in countries heavily influenced by Islam or Catholicism, and a computer database is incompatible with a large, established card file.
Innovations come in different degrees.  A continuous innovation includes slight improvements over time.  Very little usually changes from year to year in automobiles, and even automobiles of the 1990s are driven much the same way that automobiles of the 1950 were driven.  A dynamically continuous innovation involves some change in technology, although the product is used much the same way that its predecessors were used—e.g., jet vs. propeller aircraft.  A discontinous innovation involves a product that fundamentally changes the way that things are done—e.g., the fax and photocopiers.  In general, discontinuous innovations are more difficult to market since greater changes are required in the way things are done, but the rewards are also often significant.
Several factors influence the speed with which an innovation spreads.  One issue is relative advantage (i.e., the ratio of risk or cost to benefits).  Some products, such as cellular phones, fax machines, and ATM cards, have a strong relative advantage.  Other products, such as automobile satellite navigation systems, entail some advantages, but the cost ratio is high.  Lower priced products often spread more quickly, and the extent to which the product is trialable (farmers did not have to plant all their land with hybrid corn at once, while one usually has to buy a cellular phone to try it out) influence the speed of diffusion.  Finally, the extent of switching difficulties influences speed—many offices were slow to adopt computers because users had to learn how to use them.
Some cultures tend to adopt new products more quickly than others, based on several factors:Â
Modernity:  The extent to which the culture is receptive to new things. In some countries, such as Britain and Saudi Arabia, tradition is greatly valued—thus, new products often don’t fare too well.  The United States, in contrast, tends to value progress.
Homophily:  The more similar to each other that members of a culture are, the more likely an innovation is to spread—people are more likely to imitate similar than different models.  The two most rapidly adopting countries in the World are the U.S. and Japan.  While the U.S. interestingly scores very low, Japan scores high.
Physical distance: Â The greater the distance between people, the less likely innovation is to spread.Â
Opinion leadership: Â The more opinion leaders are valued and respected, the more likely an innovation is to spread. Â The style of opinion leaders moderates this influence, however. Â In less innovative countries, opinion leaders tend to be more conservative, i.e., to reflect the local norms of resistance.
It should be noted that innovation is not always an unqualified good thing. Â Some innovations, such as infant formula adopted in developing countries, may do more harm than good. Â Individuals may also become dependent on the innovations. Â For example, travel agents who get used to booking online may be unable to process manual reservations.
Sometimes innovations are dis-adopted.  For example, many individuals dis-adopt cellular phones if they find out that they don’t end up using them much.
http://www.consumerpsychologist.com (Links to an external site.)
Rare. (2015, April 2). Diffusion of Innovation Theory: The Adoption Curve [Video]. YouTube.Â
Reading: Lesson 10
The Family Life Cycle. Individuals and families tend to go through a “life cycle:” The simple life cycle goes from
For purposes of this discussion, a “couple” may either be married or merely involve living together. The breakup of a non-marital relationship involving cohabitation is similarly considered equivalent to a divorce.
In real life, this situation is, of course, a bit more complicated. For example, many couples undergo divorce. Then we have one of the scenarios:
Single parenthood can result either from divorce or from the death of one parent. Divorce usually entails a significant change in the relative wealth of spouses. In some cases, the non-custodial parent (usually the father) will not pay the required child support, and even if he or she does, that still may not leave the custodial parent and children as well off as they were during the marriage. On the other hand, in some cases, some non-custodial parents will be called on to pay a large part of their income in child support. This is particularly a problem when the non-custodial parent remarries and has additional children in the second (or subsequent marriages). In any event, divorce often results in a large demand for:
Low cost furniture and household items
Time-saving goods and services
Divorced parents frequently remarry, or become involved in other non-marital relationships; thus, we may see
Another variation involves
Here, the single parent who assumes responsibility for one or more children may not form a relationship with the other parent of the child.
Integrating all the possibilities discussed, we get the following depiction of the Family Life Cycle:
Generally, there are two main themes in the Family Life Cycle, subject to significant exceptions:
As a person gets older, he or she tends to advance in his or her career and tends to get greater income (exceptions: maternity leave, divorce, retirement).
Unfortunately, obligations also tend to increase with time (at least until one’s mortgage has been paid off). Children and paying for one’s house are two of the greatest expenses.
Note that although a single person may have a lower income than a married couple, the single may be able to buy more discretionary items.
Family Decision Making. Individual members of families often serve different roles in decisions that ultimately draw on shared family resources. Some individuals are information gatherers/holders, who seek out information about products of relevance. These individuals often have a great deal of power because they may selectively pass on information that favors their chosen alternatives. Influencers do not ultimately have the power decide between alternatives, but they may make their wishes known by asking for specific products or causing embarrassing situations if their demands are not met. The decision maker(s) have the power to determine issues such as:
Whether to buy;
Which product to buy (pick-up or passenger car?);
Which brand to buy;
Where to buy it; and
When to buy.
Note, however, that the role of the decision maker is separate from that of the purchaser. From the point of view of the marketer, this introduces some problems since the purchaser can be targeted by point-of-purchase (POP) marketing efforts that cannot be aimed at the decision maker. Also note that the distinction between the purchaser and decision maker may be somewhat blurred:
The decision maker may specify what kind of product to buy, but not which brand;
The purchaser may have to make a substitution if the desired brand is not in stock;
The purchaser may disregard instructions (by error or deliberately).
It should be noted that family decisions are often subject to a great deal of conflict. The reality is that few families are wealthy enough to avoid a strong tension between demands on the family’s resources. Conflicting pressures are especially likely in families with children and/or when only one spouse works outside the home. Note that many decisions inherently come down to values, and that there is frequently no “objective” way to arbitrate differences. One spouse may believe that it is important to save for the children’s future; the other may value spending now (on private schools and computer equipment) to help prepare the children for the future. Who is right? There is no clear answer here. The situation becomes even more complex when more parties—such as children or other relatives—are involved.
Some family members may resort to various strategies to get their way. One is bargaining—one member will give up something in return for someone else. For example, the wife says that her husband can take an expensive course in gourmet cooking if she can buy a new pickup truck. Alternatively, a child may promise to walk it every day if he or she can have a hippopotamus. Another strategy is reasoning—trying to get the other person(s) to accept one’s view through logical argumentation. Note that even when this is done with a sincere intent, its potential is limited by legitimate differences in values illustrated above. Also note that individuals may simply try to “wear down” the other party by endless talking in the guise of reasoning (this is a case of negative reinforcement as we will see subsequently). Various manipulative strategies may also be used. One is impression management, where one tries to make one’s side look good (e.g., argue that a new TV will help the children see educational TV when it is really mostly wanted to see sports programming, or argue that all “decent families make a contribution to the church”). Authority involves asserting one’s “right” to make a decision (as the “man of the house,” the mother of the children, or the one who makes the most money). Emotion involves making an emotional display to get one’s way (e.g., a man cries if his wife will not let him buy a new rap album).
http://www.consumerpsychologist.com (Links to an external site.)
Rajesh Dorbala. (2017, December 7). Family Decision Making [Video]. YouTube.Â
Fatin Syakilla. (2015, May 24). family decision making [Video]. YouTube.Â
Marketing Fundamentals for Professionals. (2017, March 30). Topic 2.3 Factors that influence buying – Family, culture [Video]. YouTube.Â
solved For this assessment, you will develop a 3-5 page paper
/in /by adminFor this assessment, you will develop a 3-5 page paper that examines a safety quality issue pertaining to medication administration in a health care setting. You will analyze the issue and examine potential evidence-based and best-practice solutions from the literature as well as the role of nurses and other stakeholders in addressing the issue.Health care organizations and professionals strive to create safe environments for patients however, due to the complexity of the health care system, maintaining safety can be a challenge. Since nurses comprise the largest group of health care professionals, a great deal of responsibility falls in the hands of practicing nurses. Quality improvement (QI) measures and safety improvement plans are effective interventions to reduce medical errors and sentinel events such as medication errors, falls, infections, and deaths. A 2000 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report indicated that almost one million people are harmed annually in the United States, (Kohn et al., 2000) and 210,000–440,000 die as a result of medical errors (Allen, 2013).The role of the baccalaureate nurse includes identifying and explaining specific patient risk factors, incorporating evidence-based solutions to improving patient safety and coordinating care. A solid foundation of knowledge and understanding of safety organizations such as Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN), the Institute of Medicine (IOM), and The Joint Commission and its National Patient Safety Goals (NPSGs) program is vital to practicing nurses with regard to providing and promoting safe and effective patient care.You are encouraged to complete the Identifying Safety Risks and Solutions activity. This activity offers an opportunity to review a case study and practice identifying safety risks and possible solutions. We have found that learners who complete course activities and review resources are more successful with first submissions. Completing course activities is also a way to demonstrate course engagement.DEMONSTRATION OF PROFICIENCYBy successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:Competency 1: Analyze the elements of a successful quality improvement initiative.Explain evidence-based and best-practice solutions to improve patient safety focusing on medication administration and reducing costs.Competency 2: Analyze factors that lead to patient safety risks.Explain factors leading to a specific patient-safety risk focusing on medication administration.Competency 4: Explain the nurse’s role in coordinating care to enhance quality and reduce costs.Explain how nurses can help coordinate care to increase patient safety with medication administration and reduce costs.Identify stakeholders with whom nurses would need to coordinate to drive quality and safety enhancements with medication administration.Competency 5: Apply professional, scholarly, evidence-based strategies to communicate in a manner that supports safe and effective patient care.Communicate using writing that is clear, logical, and professional with correct grammar and spelling using current APA style.ReferencesAllen, M. (2013). How many die from medical mistakes in U.S. hospitals? Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/09/20/224507654/how-many-die-from-medical-mistakes-in-u-s-hospitals.Kohn, L. T., Corrigan, J., & Donaldson, M. S. (Eds.). (2000). To err is human: Building a safer health system. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.PROFESSIONAL CONTEXTAs a baccalaureate-prepared nurse, you will be responsible for implementing quality improvement (QI) and patient safety measures in health care settings. Effective quality improvement measures result in systemic and organizational changes, ultimately leading to the development of a patient safety culture.SCENARIOConsider a previous experience or hypothetical situation pertaining to medication errors, and consider how the error could have been prevented or alleviated with the use of evidence-based guidelines.Choose a specific condition of interest surrounding a medication administration safety risk and incorporate evidence-based strategies to support communication and ensure safe and effective care.For this assessment:Analyze a current issue or experience in clinical practice surrounding a medication administration safety risk and identify a quality improvement (QI) initiative in the health care setting.INSTRUCTIONSThe purpose of this assessment is to better understand the role of the baccalaureate-prepared nurse in enhancing quality improvement (QI) measures that address a medication administration safety risk. This will be within the specific context of patient safety risks at a health care setting of your choice. You will do this by exploring the professional guidelines and best practices for improving and maintaining patient safety in health care settings from organizations such as QSEN and the IOM. Looking through the lens of these professional best practices to examine the current policies and procedures currently in place at your chosen organization and the impact on safety measures for patients surrounding medication administration, you will consider the role of the nurse in driving quality and safety improvements. You will identify stakeholders in QI improvement and safety measures as well as consider evidence-based strategies to enhance quality of care and promote medication administration safety in the context of your chosen health care setting.Be sure that your plan addresses the following, which corresponds to the grading criteria in the scoring guide. Please study the scoring guide carefully so that you know what is needed for a distinguished score.Explain factors leading to a specific patient-safety risk focusing on medication administration.Explain evidence-based and best-practice solutions to improve patient safety focusing on medication administration and reducing costs.Explain how nurses can help coordinate care to increase patient safety with medication administration and reduce costs.Identify stakeholders with whom nurses would coordinate to drive safety enhancements with medication administration.Communicate using writing that is clear, logical, and professional, with correct grammar and spelling, using current APA style.ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTSLength of submission: 3–5 pages, plus title and reference pages.Number of references: Cite a minimum of 4 sources of scholarly or professional evidence that support your findings and considerations. Resources should be no more than 5 years old.APA formatting: References and citations are formatted according to current APA style.COLLABORATION AND LEADERSHIPCho, S. M., & Choi, J. (2018). Patient safety culture associated with patient safety competencies among registered nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 50(5), 549–557. https://doi-org.library.capella.edu/10.1111/jnu.12…This article discusses the importance of creating a unit-specific patient safety culture that is tailored to the competencies of the unit’s RNs in patient safety practice.SonÄŸur, C., Özer, O., Gün, C., & Top, M. (2018). Patient safety culture, evidence-based practice and performance in nursing. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 31(4), 359–374.Evidence-based practice is a problem-solving approach in which the best available and useful evidence is used by integrating research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values and preferences to improve health outcomes, service quality, patient safety and clinical effectiveness, and employee performance.Stalter, A. M., & Mota, A. (2017). Recommendations for promoting quality and safety in health care systems. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 48(7), 295–297.This article provides recommendation to promote quality and safety education with a focus on systems thinking awareness among direct care nurses. A key point is error prevention, which requires a shared effort among all nurses.Manno, M. S. (2016). The role transition characteristics of new registered nurses: A study of work environment influences and individual traits. (Publication No. 10037467) [Doctoral dissertation, Capella University]. http://library.capella.edu/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%…This research study may be helpful in identifying traits and qualities of new registered nurses that are helpful in coordinating and leading quality and safety measures related to this assessment.Boomah, S. A. (2018). Emergence of informal clinical leadership as a catalyst for improving patient care quality and job satisfaction. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 75(5), 1000–1009. https://doi-org.library.capella.edu/10.1111/jan.13…This research analyzes attributes and best practices of leadership and nursing staff that help aid in patient care quality and job satisfaction.Greenstein, T. (2020). Leading innovation is completely different from leading change. WWD.com.This article examines competencies that may help nurses collaborate more effectively to improve patient outcomes.Poder, T. G., & Mattais, S. (2018). Systemic analysis of medication administration omission errors in a tertiary-care hospital in Quebec. Health Information Management Journal, 49(2-3), 99–107.This examination of underlying systemic causes of medication errors may be useful as you consider QI vest practices and ways to coordinate care to increase safety and quality.Antevy, P. (2017). How care collaboration is improving patient outcomes. EMS World, 46(4), 26–33.This article examines competencies that may help health care professionals collaborate more effectively to improve patient outcomes.Keers, R. N., Plácido, M., Bennet, K., Clayton, K., Brown, P., & Ashcroft, D. M. (2018, October 26). What causes medication administration errors in a mental health hospital? A qualitative study with nursing staff. PLOS One. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.13…This examination of underlying systemic causes of medication errors may be useful as you consider QI best practices and ways to coordinate care to increase safety and quality.QUALITY IMPROVEMENT INITIATIVESAllison, J. (2016). Ideas and approaches for quality-assessment and performance-improvement projects in ambulatory surgery centers. AORN Journal, 103(5), 483–488.This article focuses on approaches and indicators customary to the services and operations of an ambulatory surgery center, going beyond reviewing data from routine outcome measures and explaining the effect these ideas can have on improving quality of care.Coles, E., Wells, M., Maxwell, M., Harris, F. M., Anderson, J., Gray, N. M., . . . MacGillivray, S. (2017). The influence of contextual factors on healthcare quality improvement initiatives: What works, for whom and in what setting? Protocol for a realist review. Systematic Reviews, 6, 168–178. Retrieved from https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com…This article examines ways in which the context of a quality improvement initiative plays a role in its success or failure and should help you consider the context of your proposed quality improvement initiative.Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (n.d.). Reliability series part 1: What is reliability? [Video]. Retrieved from http://www.ihi.org/education/IHIOpenSchool/resourc…This video discusses the relationship between reliability and quality in health care.Robinson, J., & Gelling, L. (2019). Nurses+QI=better hospital performance? A critical review of the literature. Nursing Management (Harrow), 26(4), 22–28.Abstract: NHS regulators, such as NHS Improvement and the Care Quality Commission, promote staff involvement in quality improvement (QI), while national nursing leaders and the Nursing and Midwifery Council advocate nurses’ involvement in improving services. This article critically explores the evidence base for a national nursing strategy to involve nurses in QI using a literature review. A thematic analysis shows that nurse involvement in QI has several positive outcomes, which are also included in the NHS Improvement’s Single Oversight Framework for NHS Providers. The article concludes that nurse involvement in QI helps improve hospital performance (Robinson & Gelling, 2019).Chen, H., Feng, H., Liao, L., Wu, X., Zhao, Y., Hu, M., Li, H., Hu, H., & Yang, X. (2020). Evaluation of quality improvement intervention with nurse training in nursing homes: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, (29)15–16. https://doi-org.library.capella.edu/10.1111/jocn.1…The need for implementing systemic quality improvement practices to improve safety and quality is discussed in this article.QUALITY AND SAFETY EDUCATIONLyle-Edrosolo, G., & Waxman, K. (2016). Aligning healthcare safety and quality competencies: Quality and safety education for nurses (QSEN), the Joint Commission, and American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) Magnet® standards crosswalk. Nurse Leader, 14(1), 70–75.This article attempts to align the language used in three quality and safety standards and reduce confusion for health care professionals.Altmiller, G., & Hopkins-Pepe, L. (2019). Why quality and safety education for nurses (QSEN) matters in practice. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 50(5), 199–200.This article discusses the needs for quality and safety education in nursing and how the Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing supports QSEN competency implementation in practice.Johnson, L., McNally, S., Meller, N., & Dempsey, J. (2019). The experience of undergraduate nursing students in patient safety education: A qualitative study. Australian Nursing and Midwifery Journal, 26(8), 55.This article discusses educating nursing students about patient safety early within their learning journey and how it has shown to have a compelling positive impact on each individual’s knowledge, skills, and behavior growth surrounding the concept of patient safety.Wieke Noviyanti, L., Handiyani, H., & Gayatri, D. (2018). Improving the implementation of patient safety by nursing students using nursing instructors trained in the use of quality circles. BMC Nursing, 17(2).Abstract: It is recognized worldwide that the skills of nursing students concerning patient safety is still not optimal. The role of clinical instructors is to instill in students the importance of patient safety. Therefore, it is important to have competent clinical instructors. Their experience can be enhanced through the application of quality circles. This study identifies the effect of quality circles on improving the safety of patients of nursing students. Patient safety is inseparable from the quality of nursing education. Existing research shows that patient safety should be emphasized at all levels of the healthcare education system. In hospitals, the ratio between nursing students and clinical instructors is disproportionately low. In Indonesia, incident data relating to patient safety involving students is not well documented, and the incidents often occur in the absence of a clinical instructor (Wieke Noviyanti, Handiyani, & Gayatri, 2018).Havaei, F., MacPhee, M., & Dahinten, V. S. (2019). The effect of nursing care delivery models on quality and safety outcomes of care: A crossâ€sectional survey study of medicalâ€surgical nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 75(10), 2144–2155.This study examines components of nursing care delivery and the mode of nursing care delivery. This may be helpful in seeing safety and quality education and best practices.Health and medicine – quality of care; new findings from Karolinska Institute in the area of quality of care reported (shared responsibility: school nurses’ experience of collaborating in school-based interprofessional teams). (2017, July 21). Health and Medicine Week.This wire feed examines evidence-based and best-practice strategies for improving the care offered by school nurses, may help you identify useful strategies for your assessment.QUALITY AND SAFETY CASE STUDIESConsider reviewing the following case studies as you complete your assessment:Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (n.d.). One dose, fifty pills (AHRQ). Retrieved from http://www.ihi.org/education/IHIOpenSchool/resourc…Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (n.d.). Josie King – What happened to Josie? ;[Video]. Retrieved from http://www.ihi.org/education/IHIOpenSchool/resourc…
solved 1000 words or 2 pages of content double space.This content
/in /by admin1000 words or 2 pages of content double space.This content is ONLY from your readings from Lessons 1 and 2.Read and watch video from the lessons. One page should be from each lessonand put into one paper for submission.Reading material belowReading: Lesson 9Diffusion of InnovationProducts tend to go through a life cycle. Initially, a product is introduced. Since the product is not well known and is usually expensive (e.g., as microwave ovens were in the late 1970s), sales are usually limited. Eventually, however, many products reach a growth phase—sales increase dramatically. More firms enter with their models of the product. Frequently, unfortunately, the product will reach a maturity stage where little growth will be seen. For example, in the United States, almost every household has at least one color TV set. Some products may also reach a decline stage, usually because the product category is being replaced by something better. For example, typewriters experienced declining sales as more consumers switched to computers or other word processing equipment. The product life cycle is tied to the phenomenon of diffusion of innovation. When a new product comes out, it is likely to first be adopted by consumers who are more innovative than others—they are willing to pay a premium price for the new product and take a risk on unproven technology. It is important to be on the good side of innovators since many other later adopters will tend to rely for advice on the innovators who are thought to be more knowledgeable about new products for advice.At later phases of the PLC, the firm may need to modify its market strategy. For example, facing a saturated market for baking soda in its traditional use, Arm ü Hammer launched a major campaign to get consumers to use the product to deodorize refrigerators. Deodorizing powders to be used before vacuuming were also created.It is sometimes useful to think of products as being either new or existing.Many firms today rely increasingly on new products for a large part of their sales. New products can be new in several ways. They can be new to the market—noone else ever made a product like this before. For example, Chrysler invented the minivan. Products can also be new to the firm—another firm invented the product, but the firm is now making its own version. For example, IBM did not invent the personal computer, but entered after other firms showed the market to have a high potential. Products can be new to the segment—e.g., cellular phones and pagers were first aimed at physicians and other price-insensitive segments. Later, firms decided to target the more price-sensitive mass market. A product can be new for legal purposes. Because consumers tend to be attracted to “new and improved†products, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) only allows firms to put that label on reformulated products for six months after a significant change has been made.The diffusion of innovation refers to the tendency of new products, practices, or ideas to spread among people. Usually, when new products or ideas come about, they are only adopted by a small group of people initially; later, many innovations spread to other people. The bell shaped curve frequently illustrates the rate of adoption of a new product. Cumulative adoptions are reflected by the S-shaped curve. The saturation point is the maximum proportion of consumers likely to adopt a product.In the case of refrigerators in the U.S., the saturation level is nearly one hundred percent of households; it well below that for video games that, even when spread out to a large part of the population, will be of interest to far from everyone.Several specific product categories have case histories that illustrate important issues in adoption. Until some time in the 1800s, few physicians bothered to scrub prior to surgery, even though new scientific theories predicted that small microbes not visible to the naked eye could cause infection. Younger and more progressive physicians began scrubbing early on, but they lacked the stature to make their older colleagues follow.ATM cards spread relatively quickly. Since the cards were used in public, others who did not yet hold the cards could see how convenient they were. Although some people were concerned about security, the convenience factors seemed to be a decisive factor in the “tug-of-war†for and against adoption.The case of credit cards was a bit more complicated and involved a “chicken-and-egg†paradox. Accepting credit cards was not a particularly attractive option for retailers until they were carried by a large enough number of consumers. Consumers, in contrast, were not particularly interested in cards that were not accepted by a large number of retailers. Thus, it was necessary to “jump start†the process, signing up large corporate accounts, under favorable terms, early in the cycle, after which the cards became worthwhile for retailers to accept.Rap music initially spread quickly among urban youths in large part because of the low costs of recording. Later, rap music became popular among a very different segment, suburban youths, because of its apparently authentic depiction of an exotic urban lifestyle.Hybrid corn was adopted only slowly among many farmers. Although hybrid corn provided yields of about 20% more than traditional corn, many farmers had difficulty believing that this smaller seed could provide a superior harvest. They were usually reluctant to try it because a failed harvest could have serious economic consequences, including a possible loss of the farm. Agricultural extension agents then sought out the most progressive farmers to try hybrid corn, also aiming for farmers who were most respected and most likely to be imitated by others. Few farmers switched to hybrid corn outright from year to year. Instead, many started out with a fraction of their land, and gradually switched to 100% hybrid corn when this innovation had proven itself useful.Several forces often work against innovation. One is risk, which can be either social or financial. For example, early buyers of the CD player risked that few CDs would be recorded before the CD player went the way of the 8 track player. Another risk is being perceived by others as being weird for trying a “fringe†product or idea. For example, Barbara Mandrell sings the song “I Was Country When Country Wasn’t Cool.†Other sources of resistance include the initial effort needed to learn to use new products (e.g., it takes time to learn to meditate or to learn how to use a computer) and concerns about compatibility with the existing culture or technology. For example, birth control is incompatible with strong religious influences in countries heavily influenced by Islam or Catholicism, and a computer database is incompatible with a large, established card file.Innovations come in different degrees. A continuous innovation includes slight improvements over time. Very little usually changes from year to year in automobiles, and even automobiles of the 1990s are driven much the same way that automobiles of the 1950 were driven. A dynamically continuous innovation involves some change in technology, although the product is used much the same way that its predecessors were used—e.g., jet vs. propeller aircraft. A discontinous innovation involves a product that fundamentally changes the way that things are done—e.g., the fax and photocopiers. In general, discontinuous innovations are more difficult to market since greater changes are required in the way things are done, but the rewards are also often significant.Several factors influence the speed with which an innovation spreads. One issue is relative advantage (i.e., the ratio of risk or cost to benefits). Some products, such as cellular phones, fax machines, and ATM cards, have a strong relative advantage. Other products, such as automobile satellite navigation systems, entail some advantages, but the cost ratio is high. Lower priced products often spread more quickly, and the extent to which the product is trialable (farmers did not have to plant all their land with hybrid corn at once, while one usually has to buy a cellular phone to try it out) influence the speed of diffusion. Finally, the extent of switching difficulties influences speed—many offices were slow to adopt computers because users had to learn how to use them.Some cultures tend to adopt new products more quickly than others, based on several factors: Modernity: The extent to which the culture is receptive to new things. In some countries, such as Britain and Saudi Arabia, tradition is greatly valued—thus, new products often don’t fare too well. The United States, in contrast, tends to value progress.Homophily: The more similar to each other that members of a culture are, the more likely an innovation is to spread—people are more likely to imitate similar than different models. The two most rapidly adopting countries in the World are the U.S. and Japan. While the U.S. interestingly scores very low, Japan scores high.Physical distance: The greater the distance between people, the less likely innovation is to spread. Opinion leadership: The more opinion leaders are valued and respected, the more likely an innovation is to spread. The style of opinion leaders moderates this influence, however. In less innovative countries, opinion leaders tend to be more conservative, i.e., to reflect the local norms of resistance.It should be noted that innovation is not always an unqualified good thing. Some innovations, such as infant formula adopted in developing countries, may do more harm than good. Individuals may also become dependent on the innovations. For example, travel agents who get used to booking online may be unable to process manual reservations.Sometimes innovations are dis-adopted. For example, many individuals dis-adopt cellular phones if they find out that they don’t end up using them much.http://www.consumerpsychologist.com (Links to an external site.)Rare. (2015, April 2). Diffusion of Innovation Theory: The Adoption Curve [Video]. YouTube. Reading: Lesson 10The Family Life Cycle. Individuals and families tend to go through a “life cycle:” The simple life cycle goes fromFor purposes of this discussion, a “couple” may either be married or merely involve living together. The breakup of a non-marital relationship involving cohabitation is similarly considered equivalent to a divorce.In real life, this situation is, of course, a bit more complicated. For example, many couples undergo divorce. Then we have one of the scenarios:Single parenthood can result either from divorce or from the death of one parent. Divorce usually entails a significant change in the relative wealth of spouses. In some cases, the non-custodial parent (usually the father) will not pay the required child support, and even if he or she does, that still may not leave the custodial parent and children as well off as they were during the marriage. On the other hand, in some cases, some non-custodial parents will be called on to pay a large part of their income in child support. This is particularly a problem when the non-custodial parent remarries and has additional children in the second (or subsequent marriages). In any event, divorce often results in a large demand for:Low cost furniture and household itemsTime-saving goods and servicesDivorced parents frequently remarry, or become involved in other non-marital relationships; thus, we may see Another variation involves Here, the single parent who assumes responsibility for one or more children may not form a relationship with the other parent of the child.Integrating all the possibilities discussed, we get the following depiction of the Family Life Cycle:Generally, there are two main themes in the Family Life Cycle, subject to significant exceptions:As a person gets older, he or she tends to advance in his or her career and tends to get greater income (exceptions: maternity leave, divorce, retirement).Unfortunately, obligations also tend to increase with time (at least until one’s mortgage has been paid off). Children and paying for one’s house are two of the greatest expenses.Note that although a single person may have a lower income than a married couple, the single may be able to buy more discretionary items.Family Decision Making. Individual members of families often serve different roles in decisions that ultimately draw on shared family resources. Some individuals are information gatherers/holders, who seek out information about products of relevance. These individuals often have a great deal of power because they may selectively pass on information that favors their chosen alternatives. Influencers do not ultimately have the power decide between alternatives, but they may make their wishes known by asking for specific products or causing embarrassing situations if their demands are not met. The decision maker(s) have the power to determine issues such as:Whether to buy;Which product to buy (pick-up or passenger car?);Which brand to buy;Where to buy it; andWhen to buy.Note, however, that the role of the decision maker is separate from that of the purchaser. From the point of view of the marketer, this introduces some problems since the purchaser can be targeted by point-of-purchase (POP) marketing efforts that cannot be aimed at the decision maker. Also note that the distinction between the purchaser and decision maker may be somewhat blurred:The decision maker may specify what kind of product to buy, but not which brand;The purchaser may have to make a substitution if the desired brand is not in stock;The purchaser may disregard instructions (by error or deliberately).It should be noted that family decisions are often subject to a great deal of conflict. The reality is that few families are wealthy enough to avoid a strong tension between demands on the family’s resources. Conflicting pressures are especially likely in families with children and/or when only one spouse works outside the home. Note that many decisions inherently come down to values, and that there is frequently no “objective” way to arbitrate differences. One spouse may believe that it is important to save for the children’s future; the other may value spending now (on private schools and computer equipment) to help prepare the children for the future. Who is right? There is no clear answer here. The situation becomes even more complex when more parties—such as children or other relatives—are involved.Some family members may resort to various strategies to get their way. One is bargaining—one member will give up something in return for someone else. For example, the wife says that her husband can take an expensive course in gourmet cooking if she can buy a new pickup truck. Alternatively, a child may promise to walk it every day if he or she can have a hippopotamus. Another strategy is reasoning—trying to get the other person(s) to accept one’s view through logical argumentation. Note that even when this is done with a sincere intent, its potential is limited by legitimate differences in values illustrated above. Also note that individuals may simply try to “wear down” the other party by endless talking in the guise of reasoning (this is a case of negative reinforcement as we will see subsequently). Various manipulative strategies may also be used. One is impression management, where one tries to make one’s side look good (e.g., argue that a new TV will help the children see educational TV when it is really mostly wanted to see sports programming, or argue that all “decent families make a contribution to the church”). Authority involves asserting one’s “right” to make a decision (as the “man of the house,” the mother of the children, or the one who makes the most money). Emotion involves making an emotional display to get one’s way (e.g., a man cries if his wife will not let him buy a new rap album).http://www.consumerpsychologist.com (Links to an external site.)Rajesh Dorbala. (2017, December 7). Family Decision Making [Video]. YouTube. Fatin Syakilla. (2015, May 24). family decision making [Video]. YouTube. Marketing Fundamentals for Professionals. (2017, March 30). Topic 2.3 Factors that influence buying – Family, culture [Video]. YouTube.
solved How to Write an Essay on Consumer Behavior: Outline Reading
/in /by adminHow to Write an Essay on Consumer Behavior: Outline
Reading Material belowÂ
Lesson 9
Diffusion of Innovation
Products tend to go through a life cycle. Initially, a product is introduced. Since the product is not well known and is usually expensive (e.g., as microwave ovens were in the late 1970s), sales are usually limited. Eventually, however, many products reach a growth phase—sales increase dramatically. More firms enter with their models of the product. Frequently, unfortunately, the product will reach a maturity stage where little growth will be seen. For example, in the United States, almost every household has at least one color TV set. Some products may also reach a decline stage, usually because the product category is being replaced by something better. For example, typewriters experienced declining sales as more consumers switched to computers or other word processing equipment. The product life cycle is tied to the phenomenon of diffusion of innovation. When a new product comes out, it is likely to first be adopted by consumers who are more innovative than others—they are willing to pay a premium price for the new product and take a risk on unproven technology. It is important to be on the good side of innovators since many other later adopters will tend to rely for advice on the innovators who are thought to be more knowledgeable about new products for advice.
At later phases of the PLC, the firm may need to modify its market strategy. For example, facing a saturated market for baking soda in its traditional use, Arm ü Hammer launched a major campaign to get consumers to use the product to deodorize refrigerators. Deodorizing powders to be used before vacuuming were also created.
It is sometimes useful to think of products as being either new or existing.
Many firms today rely increasingly on new products for a large part of their sales. New products can be new in several ways. They can be new to the market—noone else ever made a product like this before. For example, Chrysler invented the minivan. Products can also be new to the firm—another firm invented the product, but the firm is now making its own version. For example, IBM did not invent the personal computer, but entered after other firms showed the market to have a high potential. Products can be new to the segment—e.g., cellular phones and pagers were first aimed at physicians and other price-insensitive segments. Later, firms decided to target the more price-sensitive mass market. A product can be new for legal purposes. Because consumers tend to be attracted to “new and improved†products, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) only allows firms to put that label on reformulated products for six months after a significant change has been made.
The diffusion of innovation refers to the tendency of new products, practices, or ideas to spread among people. Â Usually, when new products or ideas come about, they are only adopted by a small group of people initially; later, many innovations spread to other people.Â
The bell shaped curve frequently illustrates the rate of adoption of a new product. Â Cumulative adoptions are reflected by the S-shaped curve. Â The saturation point is the maximum proportion of consumers likely to adopt a product.
In the case of refrigerators in the U.S., the saturation level is nearly one hundred percent of households; it well below that for video games that, even when spread out to a large part of the population, will be of interest to far from everyone.
Several specific product categories have case histories that illustrate important issues in adoption. Â Until some time in the 1800s, few physicians bothered to scrub prior to surgery, even though new scientific theories predicted that small microbes not visible to the naked eye could cause infection. Â Younger and more progressive physicians began scrubbing early on, but they lacked the stature to make their older colleagues follow.
ATM cards spread relatively quickly.  Since the cards were used in public, others who did not yet hold the cards could see how convenient they were.  Although some people were concerned about security, the convenience factors seemed to be a decisive factor in the “tug-of-war†for and against adoption.
The case of credit cards was a bit more complicated and involved a “chicken-and-egg†paradox.  Accepting credit cards was not a particularly attractive option for retailers until they were carried by a large enough number of consumers.  Consumers, in contrast, were not particularly interested in cards that were not accepted by a large number of retailers.  Thus, it was necessary to “jump start†the process, signing up large corporate accounts, under favorable terms, early in the cycle, after which the cards became worthwhile for retailers to accept.
Rap music initially spread quickly among urban youths in large part because of the low costs of recording. Â Later, rap music became popular among a very different segment, suburban youths, because of its apparently authentic depiction of an exotic urban lifestyle.
Hybrid corn was adopted only slowly among many farmers. Â Although hybrid corn provided yields of about 20% more than traditional corn, many farmers had difficulty believing that this smaller seed could provide a superior harvest. They were usually reluctant to try it because a failed harvest could have serious economic consequences, including a possible loss of the farm. Â Agricultural extension agents then sought out the most progressive farmers to try hybrid corn, also aiming for farmers who were most respected and most likely to be imitated by others. Â Few farmers switched to hybrid corn outright from year to year. Â Instead, many started out with a fraction of their land, and gradually switched to 100% hybrid corn when this innovation had proven itself useful.
Several forces often work against innovation.  One is risk, which can be either social or financial.  For example, early buyers of the CD player risked that few CDs would be recorded before the CD player went the way of the 8 track player. Another risk is being perceived by others as being weird for trying a “fringe†product or idea.  For example, Barbara Mandrell sings the song “I Was Country When Country Wasn’t Cool.† Other sources of resistance include the initial effort needed to learn to use new products (e.g., it takes time to learn to meditate or to learn how to use a computer) and concerns about compatibility with the existing culture or technology.  For example, birth control is incompatible with strong religious influences in countries heavily influenced by Islam or Catholicism, and a computer database is incompatible with a large, established card file.
Innovations come in different degrees.  A continuous innovation includes slight improvements over time.  Very little usually changes from year to year in automobiles, and even automobiles of the 1990s are driven much the same way that automobiles of the 1950 were driven.  A dynamically continuous innovation involves some change in technology, although the product is used much the same way that its predecessors were used—e.g., jet vs. propeller aircraft.  A discontinous innovation involves a product that fundamentally changes the way that things are done—e.g., the fax and photocopiers.  In general, discontinuous innovations are more difficult to market since greater changes are required in the way things are done, but the rewards are also often significant.
Several factors influence the speed with which an innovation spreads.  One issue is relative advantage (i.e., the ratio of risk or cost to benefits).  Some products, such as cellular phones, fax machines, and ATM cards, have a strong relative advantage.  Other products, such as automobile satellite navigation systems, entail some advantages, but the cost ratio is high.  Lower priced products often spread more quickly, and the extent to which the product is trialable (farmers did not have to plant all their land with hybrid corn at once, while one usually has to buy a cellular phone to try it out) influence the speed of diffusion.  Finally, the extent of switching difficulties influences speed—many offices were slow to adopt computers because users had to learn how to use them.
Some cultures tend to adopt new products more quickly than others, based on several factors:Â
Modernity:  The extent to which the culture is receptive to new things. In some countries, such as Britain and Saudi Arabia, tradition is greatly valued—thus, new products often don’t fare too well.  The United States, in contrast, tends to value progress.
Homophily:  The more similar to each other that members of a culture are, the more likely an innovation is to spread—people are more likely to imitate similar than different models.  The two most rapidly adopting countries in the World are the U.S. and Japan.  While the U.S. interestingly scores very low, Japan scores high.
Physical distance: Â The greater the distance between people, the less likely innovation is to spread.Â
Opinion leadership: Â The more opinion leaders are valued and respected, the more likely an innovation is to spread. Â The style of opinion leaders moderates this influence, however. Â In less innovative countries, opinion leaders tend to be more conservative, i.e., to reflect the local norms of resistance.
It should be noted that innovation is not always an unqualified good thing. Â Some innovations, such as infant formula adopted in developing countries, may do more harm than good. Â Individuals may also become dependent on the innovations. Â For example, travel agents who get used to booking online may be unable to process manual reservations.
Sometimes innovations are dis-adopted.  For example, many individuals dis-adopt cellular phones if they find out that they don’t end up using them much.
http://www.consumerpsychologist.com (Links to an external site.)
Rare. (2015, April 2). Diffusion of Innovation Theory: The Adoption Curve [Video]. YouTube.Â
Reading: Lesson 10
The Family Life Cycle. Individuals and families tend to go through a “life cycle:” The simple life cycle goes from
For purposes of this discussion, a “couple” may either be married or merely involve living together. The breakup of a non-marital relationship involving cohabitation is similarly considered equivalent to a divorce.
In real life, this situation is, of course, a bit more complicated. For example, many couples undergo divorce. Then we have one of the scenarios:
Single parenthood can result either from divorce or from the death of one parent. Divorce usually entails a significant change in the relative wealth of spouses. In some cases, the non-custodial parent (usually the father) will not pay the required child support, and even if he or she does, that still may not leave the custodial parent and children as well off as they were during the marriage. On the other hand, in some cases, some non-custodial parents will be called on to pay a large part of their income in child support. This is particularly a problem when the non-custodial parent remarries and has additional children in the second (or subsequent marriages). In any event, divorce often results in a large demand for:
Low cost furniture and household items
Time-saving goods and services
Divorced parents frequently remarry, or become involved in other non-marital relationships; thus, we may see
Another variation involves
Here, the single parent who assumes responsibility for one or more children may not form a relationship with the other parent of the child.
Integrating all the possibilities discussed, we get the following depiction of the Family Life Cycle:
Generally, there are two main themes in the Family Life Cycle, subject to significant exceptions:
As a person gets older, he or she tends to advance in his or her career and tends to get greater income (exceptions: maternity leave, divorce, retirement).
Unfortunately, obligations also tend to increase with time (at least until one’s mortgage has been paid off). Children and paying for one’s house are two of the greatest expenses.
Note that although a single person may have a lower income than a married couple, the single may be able to buy more discretionary items.
Family Decision Making. Individual members of families often serve different roles in decisions that ultimately draw on shared family resources. Some individuals are information gatherers/holders, who seek out information about products of relevance. These individuals often have a great deal of power because they may selectively pass on information that favors their chosen alternatives. Influencers do not ultimately have the power decide between alternatives, but they may make their wishes known by asking for specific products or causing embarrassing situations if their demands are not met. The decision maker(s) have the power to determine issues such as:
Whether to buy;
Which product to buy (pick-up or passenger car?);
Which brand to buy;
Where to buy it; and
When to buy.
Note, however, that the role of the decision maker is separate from that of the purchaser. From the point of view of the marketer, this introduces some problems since the purchaser can be targeted by point-of-purchase (POP) marketing efforts that cannot be aimed at the decision maker. Also note that the distinction between the purchaser and decision maker may be somewhat blurred:
The decision maker may specify what kind of product to buy, but not which brand;
The purchaser may have to make a substitution if the desired brand is not in stock;
The purchaser may disregard instructions (by error or deliberately).
It should be noted that family decisions are often subject to a great deal of conflict. The reality is that few families are wealthy enough to avoid a strong tension between demands on the family’s resources. Conflicting pressures are especially likely in families with children and/or when only one spouse works outside the home. Note that many decisions inherently come down to values, and that there is frequently no “objective” way to arbitrate differences. One spouse may believe that it is important to save for the children’s future; the other may value spending now (on private schools and computer equipment) to help prepare the children for the future. Who is right? There is no clear answer here. The situation becomes even more complex when more parties—such as children or other relatives—are involved.
Some family members may resort to various strategies to get their way. One is bargaining—one member will give up something in return for someone else. For example, the wife says that her husband can take an expensive course in gourmet cooking if she can buy a new pickup truck. Alternatively, a child may promise to walk it every day if he or she can have a hippopotamus. Another strategy is reasoning—trying to get the other person(s) to accept one’s view through logical argumentation. Note that even when this is done with a sincere intent, its potential is limited by legitimate differences in values illustrated above. Also note that individuals may simply try to “wear down” the other party by endless talking in the guise of reasoning (this is a case of negative reinforcement as we will see subsequently). Various manipulative strategies may also be used. One is impression management, where one tries to make one’s side look good (e.g., argue that a new TV will help the children see educational TV when it is really mostly wanted to see sports programming, or argue that all “decent families make a contribution to the church”). Authority involves asserting one’s “right” to make a decision (as the “man of the house,” the mother of the children, or the one who makes the most money). Emotion involves making an emotional display to get one’s way (e.g., a man cries if his wife will not let him buy a new rap album).
http://www.consumerpsychologist.com (Links to an external site.)
Rajesh Dorbala. (2017, December 7). Family Decision Making [Video]. YouTube.Â
Fatin Syakilla. (2015, May 24). family decision making [Video]. YouTube.Â
Marketing Fundamentals for Professionals. (2017, March 30). Topic 2.3 Factors that influence buying – Family, culture [Video]. YouTube.Â
solved Prompts: 1) In 150-250 words please summarize Lera Boroditsky’s TED
/in /by adminPrompts:
1) In 150-250 words please summarize Lera Boroditsky’s TED Talk.
2) In your own opinion, what does Lera mean when she states, “Does the language we speak shape the way we think? What does this mean to you?
     – Follow-up, how is this related to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
3) How would you describe the way you use language and how does this affect your own perception of reality? (i.e., we all speak uniquely compared to others … how would you describe your own use of language and what impact has this had on the way you co-exist).Â
4) Chose 3 different languages other than english and provide 3 unique facts/interesting ideas related to each of these languages. (i.e., what makes this chosen language unique compared to other languages – you have a lot of options here).Â
In addition to posting your response to the discussion board please remember that you must also respond to at least 3 of your classmates (looking for 3 full sentences per response).Â
Bonus Video* This is a really insightful video about language from 1988 (noticed how much has changed since then). I highly encourage you to watch this! There are no specific questions about this video, but you will gain knowledge by watching it!
1)
Lera Boroditsky’s TED Talk focused on the topic of language. While language is a broad spectrum, as Boroditsky explains, she narrows down her discussion to focus on the effects that language has in shaping the way we think. Simplified, Boroditsky defines language as the ability to transmit complicated thoughts to one another. But, being that there are about seven thousand languages all across the world, language is bound to differ and translate differently. Because languages have such differing structures it is a given that these differing structures will shape individuals differently as well. Boroditsky focuses her TED Talk on all the things that language can be and have which is big, deep, early, broad, and weight. Language being big focuses on space and time and how people lay out time in different coordinate frames. Second, language is deep in the sense of numbers where individuals use different count words and number words which unveils the world of mathematics. Next, she also explains language as early as it is related to color and the simple decisions, like color, that language still has an effect on (ex. necessary to decipher the difference between light and dark blue). Even further, language is also defined as broad which is correlated to grammatical gender which can be applied to all nouns in that spoken language. Lastly, language has weight, especially personal weight, in which we seek blame and punishment for things in our daily lives. Based on the language, all of these elements will wildly differ and this shows how linguistic diversity reflects how flexible the human mind is.
When it comes to my personal opinion on what the statements that Lera Boroditsky made mean, my thoughts closely align with hers. I do believe that the language we speak also shapes the way we think. I speak two languages myself and in conversation with my parents we often discuss how something in one language is much worse when translated than another. This shows that the simple interpretation of one word in one language can be so different from that word in another. I see this to be closely related to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis that states that the structure of language determines a native speaker’s perspective and interpretation of situations. If everyone were to interpret words the same exact way, it almost seems hard to then imagine a world with seven thousand languages. But because that is not the case, language is bound to lead individuals to decipher such things in their own way as this hypothesis also explains.
As I mentioned previously, I do speak two languages regularly. These two languages consist of English and Farsi, and I am always speaking in both interchangeably. Being that I was born in the United States, I do find myself speaking English far more, but there are specific times where I do speak Farsi, which is related to the way I use this language. Typically I speak Farsi when I am communicating with my entire extended family as that is their first language. I also find myself speaking Farsi when I am trying to have a more private conversation with my parents. Because of this, I have associated speaking in Farsi with close-knit family ties and moments. I haven’t found a large Persian community in San Diego as I may find in other cities, so my second language is only being utilized in the moments I spend with my family. Because of this, I associate the language with those times and as a means to grow closer to my family.
I strongly admire learning about different cultures and with culture comes language. When asked to choose three different languages besides English and provide an interesting fact, I immediately was first to choose Farsi, as that is what I speak. An interesting fact about Farsi is related to the vocabulary when it comes to family. While in English we have the terms “aunt†and “uncle†and that’s it, Farsi has a set name for the aunts and uncles on the mother’s side and a different set of names for the aunts and uncles on the father’s side. Because of this, you can easily say one term and a person who speaks Farsi would immediately know which side of the family you were talking about. The next language I picked was Spanish as I took that for three consecutive years in grade school. Spanish is interesting as it has grammatically gendered vocabulary related to every noun. The last language and interesting fact is the Italian language and that it only has twenty-one letters in the alphabet whereas the English language has twenty-six!
Hi Nika,
I think that is really cool that you can fluently speak two languages. I have always admired people with that ability. I also took Spanish in high school but only for a year, I remember being super interested that words have genders and there are different ways to conjugate words. It was something I was not used to because I only know English so it was a cool thing to learn about. Overall, I enjoyed reading your response, thanks for sharing!
2)
1) In Lera Boroditsky’s TED talk she discussed how language shapes our everyday lives and the ways we think. She describes language as a magical ability and how we are able to share complex messages with one another through the “air vibrations†which is speech. Our ideas are able to transmit across vast areas and our minds have the ability to create thoughts from language. She discusses that there are about 7,000 languages spoken throughout the world and they all are different in regards to sound, vocabulary, and structures. She gave an example of an aboriginal group in Australia who don’t use left or right, instead, they use cardinal directions. She compares this to the audience because they do not know the southeast direction to show the difference in how we think. Another difference she discusses is time. English speakers would lay out time-based on left to right because that’s how we formulate writing but a group like the Kuuk Thaayorre it would depend on what direction they were sitting in. For them, time is on the landscape, not the body so that shows a difference in thinking. Another difference is numbering because some languages do not have words for certain numbers. Another difference is colors, some have just light and dark and an example in Russia they have different words for the color blue. Another difference is assigning genders to words. Overall Lera Boroditsky shows the vast differences there are in so many different languages and how the words we use or have can shape the way we learn, think, and feel.
2) I believe Lera means that the words we use and have access to within our vocabulary can shape the way we think and feel about things. A great example she gave was that in some cultures where they don’t have numbers within their languages, they are unable to pursue things within mathematical fields because it is not within their language to do so. This is a major example of how language shapes the way we think because in English we think numerically and are able to do and understand mathematics which may not be the case for some cultures. The language we use helps us identify how we feel, what we need, and how to respond to certain situations. I think a great example of this is when someone is dual lingual and they only know how to describe something with a word in another language. This means other languages have different words to express emotions or feelings that some languages do not have. This idea directly relates to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis because it states that language affects the speakers’ worldview and cognition so our perceptions about the language are relative to the language we speak. These ideas are similar and communicate similar ideas about how language and our vocabulary can influence the way we feel and think about the world around us.
3) I think language has had an impact on me and the way I perceive the world. I think it is important to have ways to articulate the way I am feeling, what I need, and how to fix certain situations. Without language, I would feel miserable and trapped because there is no way to express my emotions. I think having language and the way I use it is vital to how I make connections with others and view the world around me. I use language to make friendships, make people laugh, share my hardships, and learn through mistakes. Language helps me coexist by giving me a tool to understand others and feel empathy for those around me.
4)The first language I chose was german. I found many interesting facts about the German language. The first fact was that the German language has three genders. In other languages, they have the male and female gender for words but in the German language, they take it even further by having three. Another interesting fact about Germany is that when it is written all nouns are capitalized. This is unlike the English language. Another interesting fact is that German has words that only exist in german. One of those words is “Fernweh” which is described as having the travel bug or lusting after adventure.
The second language I chose was Portuguese. I have a few friends who speak this language so I was interested to learn about it. I found out that only 5% of people who speak Portuguese actually live in Portugal. I also found out that they added 3 new letters to their alphabet in 2009, which is pretty recent. They also have 2 different words for “to be†which is different from English.
The final language I chose was Korean. Korean has many unique facts and is fairly different from English in regards to sentence structure. I found out that in Korean they actually put the verb at the end of their sentences. Next, I learned that they have two different counting systems. Finally, I learned that their alphabet was not officially formed until the 15th century.
sources from question 4:
https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/knowledge/six-fun-facts-about-the-german-language (Links to an external site.)
https://theculturetrip.com/europe/portugal/articles/11-fascinating-facts-about-the-portuguese-language/ (Links to an external site.)
https://www.listenandlearnusa.com/blog/9-surprising-facts-about-the-korean-language/
Hi Ruby,
I really enjoyed reading your post as you presented many thoughtful points! I really liked the way that you described the personal impact that language has on you. We are continuously taught and told the importance that communication has amongst family, friends, relationships, work life etc., so it only makes sense to value language as much as you do. Another interesting point you brought up that caught me by surprise was how the German language has three genders. It makes me want to learn more about when to use the correct terms. Great post!
3)
To begin, Lera Boroditsky emphasized that language is a tool to put ideas in other people’s heads. In order for me to understand something, I must accept the message through my ears and create the message through whatever language is being said to me. Lera Boroditsky’s TED Talk heavily highlighted the fact that communication amongst different languages and cultures can convey a different meaning depending on the view point. For example, the term, “lost in translation†has a whole lot of truth behind it. The structures of a language, as she mentioned, vary in a whole lot of ways. Some languages convey different meanings through pitches, which to me (as an English speaker) blows my mind! She also mentioned how nouns are gendered differently depending on the language. As a Spanish speaker I found this very funny, because I too think about certain nouns as gender now due to that reason! Different adaptations to meanings will occur due to these language differences, changing what each message means depending on the context.
My entire life my parents would make fun of me when I would speak in Spanish to them. Of course, hearing me speak it is endearing to them as it is their native language. And, while I am fluent and can understand very well, they tell me I sound like a little kid when I speak. My family tells me that my personality fully changes when I am speaking in Spanish, as I cannot communicate as well as I can in English. The language we speak changes the entire way we are! Of course it will change the way we think. The type of sarcasm I use in English is something I fluently do not know how to communicate in Spanish. I also have a hard time telling when someone is being sarcastic to me when they are speaking in Spanish, which ends up losing the meaning that was originally trying to be conveyed.
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis ties in with essentially everything that Lera Boroditsky explains in her TED Talk. She emphasizes the structure of a language multiple times, including how this structure will completely change the message being communicated. The hypothesis emphasizes the structure and how that factor will be the main factor in determining the way the speaker will perceive the information.
Like I previously mentioned, I have personally experienced feeling like I have different personalities depending on the language that I speak. I feel like I sound much younger in Spanish, as my vocabulary is more limited. However, Spanish has helped me understand multiple other languages. The plumber who would come to my house growing up was Brazilian, and I remember speaking to him in Spanish and completely understanding his Portuguese back. Of course, these languages are incredibly similar, however, I remember thinking he just wasn’t super good at speaking Spanish!
Hebrew. Hebrew is a language that has deep Jewish ties, making it a language that occurs in several religions. Hebrew has its own alphabet, and when writing, one starts on the right side of the page as opposed to the left. Lastly, Hebrew is a language with very hard pronunciations, making it a very “throaty†language (similar to French, in a way).
Mandarin. Mandarin uses different tones and pitches to convey different things. The alphabet consists of symbols and usually not as many as English. Mandarin is one of the most spoken languages in the world.
Farsi. Farsi is a language mostly spoken in Iran, different areas in Afghanistan, as well as the central Asian republic of Tajikistan. Farsi is also sometimes referred to as “Persianâ€. The culture surrounding Farsi is incredibly bright and happy.
Andrea,
I like what you mentioned about speaking Spanish with your family. I speak Portuguese (like you plumber!) and my family always gives me a little tease whenever I speak. Just like you I can understand everything and am fluent, but my thoughts are not always articulated as well as I want them to be. With that being said, I agree with you when they say language shapes who you are. Because I can’t speak Portuguese as well as I speak English, I can become a little shy around my relatives when in reality I am not shy at all.
solved NHS-FP6004 Health Care Law and Policy : Assessment 1OverviewWrite a
/in /by adminNHS-FP6004 Health Care Law and Policy : Assessment 1OverviewWrite a 4–6-page report for a senior leader that communicates your evaluation of current organizational or interprofessional team performance, with respect to prescribed benchmarks set forth by government laws and policies at the local, state, and federal levels. In addition, advocate for ethical action to address benchmark underperformance and explain the potential for improving the overall quality of care and performance, as reflected on a performance dashboard.In the era of health care reform, many of the laws and policies set forth by government at the local, state, and federal levels have specific performance benchmarks related to care delivery outcomes that organizations must achieve. It is critical for organizational success that the interprofessional care team is able to understand reports and dashboards that display the metrics related to performance and compliance benchmarks.Maintaining standards and promoting quality in modern health care are crucial, not only for the care of patients, but also for the continuing success and financial viability of health care organizations. In the era of health care reform, health care leaders must understand what quality care entails and how quality in health care connects to the standards set forth by relevant federal, state, and local laws and policies. An understanding of relevant benchmarks that result from these laws and policies, and how they relate to quality care and regulatory standards, is also vitally important.Health care is a dynamic, complex, and heavily regulated industry. For this reason, you will be expected to constantly scan the external environment for emerging laws, new regulations, and changing industry standards. You may discover that as new policies are enacted into law, ambiguity in interpretation of various facets of the law may occur. Sometimes, new laws conflict with preexisting laws and regulations, or unexpected implementation issues arise, which may warrant further clarification from lawmakers. Adding partisan politics and social media to the mix can further complicate understanding of the process and buy-in from stakeholders.ResourcesU.S. Health Policy and LawOliver, T. R. (Ed.). (2014). Guide to U.S. health and health care policy. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.Read Chapters 1 and 2, pages 9–35, for background and foundational information regarding health policy in the United States.HealthCare.gov. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.healthcare.gov/Search this site for information on access to health insurance.In 2009 and 2010, the health care industry and its related regulations and legislation underwent great upheaval and evolution as the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was enacted. Following resources provide information about the ACA and its implementation:U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (n.d.). About the Affordable Care Act. Retrieved from http://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/about-the-law/Gold, J. (2015). Accountable care organizations, explained. Retrieved from http://khn.org/news/aco-accountable-care-organizat…This article provides an explanation of accountable care organizations and how they relate to the ACA. You are not required to watch the video.Oliver, T. R. (Ed.). (2014). Guide to U.S. health and health care policy. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.U. S. Government Health OrganizationsRead Chapters 3 and 4, pages 39–63, for background on some of the important governmental health organizations in the United States.Health Care Cost ContainmentBirk, S. (2014). Quality, cost and accountable care models for the journey. Healthcare Executive, 29(3), 20–22, 24–28.In this article, the author identifies the ACO model as a strategy for implementing the ACA and analyzes shared savings and pioneer programs. She also focuses on integrating services into larger health systems and using value-based projects.Health Care Quality and SafetyOliver, T. R. (Ed.). (2014). Guide to U.S. health and health care policy. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.Read Chapter 16, pages 213–223, for information on quality care and safety.BenchmarkingThe following resources will further your understanding of the significance of benchmarking in health care as it relates to quality of care, regulatory and government policies, and the law.Ghazisaeidi, M., Safdari, R., Torabi, M., Mirzaee, M., Farzi, J., & Goodini, A. (2015). Development of performance dashboards in healthcare sector: Key practical issues. Acta Informatica Medica, 23(5), 317–321. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC463935…Huerta T. R., Hefner J. L., Ford, E. W., McAlearney A. S., & Menachemi N. (2014). Hospital website rankings in the United States: Expanding benchmarks and standards for effective consumer engagement. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 16(2), e64. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC396170…Martin, E. J. (2015). Healthcare policy legislation and administration: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 37(4), 407–411.Nippak, P., Veracion, J. I., Muia, M., Ikeda-Douglas, C. J., & Isaac, W. W. (2016). Designing and evaluating a balanced scorecard for a health information management department in a Canadian urban non-teaching hospital [PDF]. Health Informatics Journal, 22(2), 102–139.NCQA. (n.d.). HEDIS measures and technical resources. Retrieved from https://www.ncqa.org/hedis/measures/This page provides information about the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) and other performance measures, which could provide useful information for incorporation into this assessment.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Performance management and quality improvement: Data and benchmarks. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/stltpublichealth/performance/d…This web page, which presents the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) perspective on why performance and quality measures are important for patient safety and the bottom line in health care.Dashboard and Health Care Benchmark Evaluation.This multimedia activity enables you to review a metrics dashboard and hospital fact sheet to evaluate Mercy Medical Center’s performance relative to local, state, and federal benchmarking requirements. You may choose to use the data presented in this activity as the basis for this assessment.Scholarly WritingResources about APA style and formatting can be found in the Supplemental Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom. A variety of writing resources are also available in the NHS Learner Success Lab, linked in the navigation menu.Library Research GuideYou may choose other resources to prepare for this assessment; however, you will need to ensure that they are appropriate, credible, and valid. The NHS-FP6004 – Health Care Law and Policy library guide can help direct your research.Assessment InstructionsNote: Your evaluation of dashboard metrics for this assessment is the foundation on which all subsequent assessments are based. Therefore, you must complete this assessment first.Write a report for a senior leader that communicates your evaluation of current organizational or interprofessional team performance with respect to prescribed benchmarks set forth by government laws and policies at the local, state, and federal levels. In addition, advocate for ethical action to address benchmark underperformance and explain the potential for improving the overall quality of care and performance, as reflected on a performance dashboard.Review the performance dashboard metrics, as well as relevant local, state, and federal laws and policies. Consider the metrics that are falling short of the prescribed benchmarks. Structure your report so that it will be easy for a colleague or supervisor to locate the information they need, and be sure to cite the relevant health care policies or laws when evaluating metric performance against established benchmarks.Note: Remember that you can submit all, or a portion of, your draft report to Smarthinking for feedback, before you submit the final version for this assessment. If you plan on using this free service, be mindful of the turnaround time of 24–48 hours for receiving feedback.PreparationChoose one of the following three options for a performance dashboard to use as the basis for your evaluation:Option 1: Dashboard Metrics Evaluation SimulationUse the data presented in the Dashboard and Health Care Benchmark Evaluation multimedia activity as the basis for your evaluation.Note: The writing that you do as part of the simulation could serve as a starting point to build upon for this assessment.Option 2: Actual DashboardUse an actual dashboard from a professional practice setting for your evaluation. If you decide to use actual dashboard metrics, be sure to add a brief description of the organization and setting that includes:The size of the facility that the dashboard is reporting on.The specific type of care delivery.The population diversity and ethnicity demographics.The socioeconomic level of the population served by the organization.Note: Ensure your data are Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliant. Do not use any easily identifiable organization or patient information.Option 3: Hypothetical DashboardIf you have a sophisticated understanding of dashboards relevant to your own practice, you may also construct a hypothetical dashboard for your evaluation. Your hypothetical dashboard must present at least four different metrics, at least two of which must be underperforming the prescribed benchmark set forth by a federal, state, or local laws or policies. In addition, be sure to add a brief description of the organization and setting that includes:The size of the facility that the dashboard is reporting on.The specific type of care delivery.The population diversity and ethnicity demographics.The socioeconomic level of the population served by the organization.Note: Ensure your data are HIPAA compliant. Do not use any easily identifiable organization or patient information.RequirementsThe report requirements outlined below correspond to the scoring guide criteria, so be sure to address each main point. Read the performance-level descriptions for each criterion to see how your work will be assessed. In addition, be sure to note the requirements for document format and length and for supporting evidence.Evaluate dashboard metrics associated with benchmarks set forth by local, state, or federal health care laws or policies.Which metrics are not meeting the benchmark for the organization?What are the local, state, or federal health care policies or laws that establish these benchmarks?What conclusions can you draw from your evaluation?Are there any unknowns, missing information, unanswered questions, or areas of uncertainty where additional information could improve your evaluation?Analyze one challenge that meeting prescribed benchmarks can pose for a heath care organization or interprofessional team.Consider the following examples:Strategic direction.Organizational mission.Resources.Staffing.Financial: Operational and capital funding.Logistical considerations: Physical space.Support services (any ancillary department that gives support to a specific care unit in the organization, such as pharmacy, cleaning services, dietary, et cetera).Cultural diversity in the organization and community.Procedures and processes.Address the following:Why do the challenges you identified contribute, potentially, to benchmark underperformance?What assumptions underlie your conclusions?Evaluate a benchmark underperformance in a heath care organization or interprofessional team that has the potential for greatly improving overall quality or performance. Focus on the benchmark you chose to target for improvement.Which metric is underperforming its benchmark by the greatest degree?Which benchmark underperformance is the most widespread throughout the organization or interprofessional team?Which benchmark affects the greatest number of patients? Which benchmark affects the greatest number of staff?How does this underperformance affect the community that the organization serves?Where is the greatest opportunity to improve the overall quality of care or performance of the organization or interpersonal team and, ultimately, to improve patient outcomes, as you think about the issue and the current poor benchmark outcomes?Advocate for ethical action, directed toward an appropriate group of stakeholders, to address a benchmark underperformance.Who would be an appropriate group of stakeholders to act on improving your identified benchmark metric?Why should the stakeholder group take action?What are some ethical actions the stakeholder group could take that support improved benchmark performance?Organize content so ideas flow logically with smooth transitions.Proofread your report, before you submit it, to minimize errors that could distract readers and make it more difficult for them to focus on the substance of your evaluation and analysis.Support main points, assertions, arguments, conclusions, or recommendations with relevant and credible evidence.Be sure to apply correct APA formatting to source citations and references.Example Assessment: You may use the Assessment 1 Example [PDF] to give you an idea of what a Proficient or higher rating on the scoring guide would look like.Report Format and LengthFormat your report using APA style.Use the APA Style Paper Template [DOCX]. The APA Style Paper Tutorial [DOCX] will help you in writing and formatting your report. Be sure to include: A title page and references page. An abstract is not required.A running head on all pages.Appropriate section headings.Be sure your report should be 4–6 pages in length, not including the title page and references page.Supporting EvidenceCite 4–6 credible sources from peer-reviewed journals or professional industry publications to support your analysis of challenges, evaluation of potential for improvement, and your advocacy for ethical action.Note: Faculty may use the Writing Feedback Tool when grading this assessment. The Writing Feedback Tool is designed to provide you with guidance and resources to develop your writing based on five core skills. You will find writing feedback in the Scoring Guide for the assessment, once your work has been evaluated.Portfolio Prompt: You may choose to save your report to your ePortfolio.Competencies MeasuredBy successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:Competency 1: Analyze relevant health care laws, policies, and regulations; their application; and their effects on organizations, interprofessional teams, and professional practice.Analyze challenges that meeting prescribed benchmarks can pose for a heath care organization or interprofessional team.Competency 2: Lead the development and implementation of ethical and culturally sensitive policies that improve health outcomes for individuals, organizations, and populations.Advocate for ethical action, directed toward an appropriate group of stakeholders, to address a benchmark underperformance.Competency 3: Evaluate relevant indicators of performance, such as benchmarks, research, and best practices, to inform health care laws and policies for patients, organizations, and populations.Evaluate dashboard metrics associated with benchmarks set forth by local, state, or federal health care laws or policies.Evaluate a benchmark underperformance in a heath care organization or interprofessional team that has the potential for greatly improving overall quality or performance.Competency 5: Produce clear, coherent, and professional written work, in accordance with Capella’s writing standards.Organize content so ideas flow logically with smooth transitions.Support main points, assertions, arguments, conclusions, or recommendations with relevant and credible evidence.
solved [Key Words]Gig Economy, Platforms, Crowdsourcing, Freelancers, Work & Employment, Business
/in /by admin[Key Words]Gig Economy, Platforms, Crowdsourcing, Freelancers, Work & Employment, Business Models, New Technologies, Innovations.Apple, Google, Amazon, Uber, People Per Hour, Lawyers on Demand, Deliveroo. [General Requirement]5500 Words, NOT including bibliography and appendices (Minimum 5000 Words)Harvard StyleStructure: Executive Summary (Overview of the key findings from the report): 500 Words Introduction: 300 WordsMain Content: 3200 Words (Approximately 800 words per assigned question)Final Discussion & Conclusion (Evaluation of the evidence with well-justified conclusions and main points of discussion): 1000 WordsPlease create CRITICAL ARGUMENTS and use SUFFICIENT academic references to support. (Reading list is indicated below) [The Task] The target audience for your report is CIPD
(The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development), who would like
to commission an informed report analysing some of the key dimensions of
platform work, with a view to circulating this report among its
members. CIPD have specified that they would like the report to focus on
the following key elements, with a view to providing a series of
recommendations based on your discussion and analysis. 1. What
attracts people to platform working? What are the characteristics of
people working on platforms (e.g., full-time/part-time, male/female,
Global North/South, low-skilled/high-skilled, additional/main source of
income, etc.)? 2. What are the working conditions of platform
working (for example, skill levels, type of tasks, remuneration,
learning and development, career opportunities, social protection, and
employment rights)?3. What is the reach and effectiveness of national/international employment regulation for platform workers?4. Do platforms represent a ‘new world of work’? As
HR professionals, members of CIPD are highly familiar with work and
employment issues generally, but less familiar with technological change
and its impact on working practices. Please ensure that in the report avoid telling them what they might already know. [Background about the case study] This
case study will investigate platforms as a new form of organisation and
working practices. Twenty years on from the dotcom crash, a number of
big tech platform firms have emerged as the ‘leading edge’ of emerging
business models (Rahman and Thelen, 2019). These firms are perceived as
even more intangible than their predecessors – given the absence of
profitability, assets, real estate and personnel – which suggests the
construction of a plausible business model is crucial for building
legitimacy, developing a brand and reputation, and attracting
investment. The increasing popularity of platforms has seen
growing numbers of organisations using them to source predominantly
unpaid or low wage labour, in order to create new ventures or increase
profits. This method of sourcing labour uses Internet infrastructure to
leverage the crowd to contribute to tasks that could alternatively be
performed internally by employees or contractors. The term crowdsourcing
was coined in 2006 and was presented as a new level of outsourcing, in
that rather than offshore jobs to low-cost locations, companies can
outsource functions to an amorphous and generally large pool of
individuals using an open call over the Internet (Howe, 2008).
However, over time, this modus operandi has expanded to include more
high-skilled, highly paid tasks and activities, as some of the more
traditional professions (such as lawyers, accountants, and medics) shift
to platform-based work. While sourcing labour via platforms
undoubtedly appeals to some organisations, research has considered the
broader social and economic landscape in order to explain why firms are
attracted towards sourcing labour externally.Some relate the changes to
the rise of network organizations and increasing globalisation, while
others point to changes in work and employment patterns, ranging from
outsourcing and flexibility, the attraction of boundaryless careers and
the need to access the talent of increasingly mobile knowledge
workers.An alternative explanation could point to the more negative
aspects of changing labour markets that have witnessed rising
self-employment, the emergence of zero hours contracts, projectification
of work, and increasing job insecurity.This raises interesting
questions regarding the future of work and employment, such as: What are
the socioeconomic forces which are structuring the employment choices
that are available? What threats and opportunities do organizations face
when sourcing activities and tasks to platforms? How influential is the
platform-based business model? The aim of this project is to
investigate platforms as a new form of work organisation. The increasing
popularity of crowdsourcing has seen growing numbers of organisations
using digital platforms to attract predominantly low wage or unpaid
labour, in order to create new ventures or increase profits. This method
of sourcing labour uses Internet infrastructure to leverage the crowd
to contribute to tasks that could alternatively be performed by
employees or contractors (Brabham 2012). The term crowdsourcing was
coined in 2006 (Howe, 2006)
and was presented as a new level of outsourcing, in that rather than
offshore jobs to low-cost locations, companies can outsource functions
to an amorphous and generally large pool of individuals using an open
call over the Internet (Howe, 2008).
The most significant differences between crowdsourcing and a
traditional workforce centres on flexibility, scalability, access to a
broad range of skills and experiences at significantly less cost,
coupled with the lack of employment regulations and employer security. Many
authors view outsourcing work activity to platforms positively and see
it as an opportunity to both create and capture value with the sourcing
of labour/expertise for low reimbursement (Chandler & Kapelner,
2013; Djelassi & Decoopman, 2013; Hirth et al. 2013; Satzger et al. 2013; Scheitzer et al. 2012).In
the case of remote online working, platforms generate appeal since the
process of sourcing labour is highly organised, is not dependent on
physical location, thereby enabling the rapid scaling of work execution,
without any significant transaction costs or logistical hurdles.
Control is simultaneously ‘at a distance’ while remaining powerful when
directing work tasks and determining the level of remuneration.
Relationships are fleeting and largely anonymous, and there is neither a
legal nor moral obligation to provide social support for the workforce. When
crowdsourcing started to gain popularity, many of the activities were
not perceived as ‘work’ in the traditional sense, but interpreted as
socialising, blogging, or contributing towards creativity and innovation
(particularly on social networking platforms). By highlighting features
such as mass production and distribution with low monetary imbursement,
Howe (2006)
categorically relates crowdsourcing to outsourcing rather than
peer-production and co-creation.This distinction is crucial as it
contrasts with the more prevalent view of crowdsourcing which is
uncritically celebratory and praises its ability to ‘democratize’ idea
generation and production. Rather than romanticising crowdsourcing as
some form of creative commons, a number of platforms have generated
excessive levels of financial value for platform owners. As
platforms have become more established the scope has increasingly
diversified and numerous models exist. Popular examples include Airbnb,
which provides an online platform to allow individuals to rent out their
homes, rooms or apartments to visitors.Similarly, crowdfunding sites
such as FundedByMe have proved popular for reward-based, loan-based, and
equity funding for European entrepreneurs.These types of platforms have
generated media interest since they tap into popular concepts such as
collaborative consumption, community building, the sharing economy and
social enterprise.However, the focus of this project lies in the labour
aspect of platform work and so in order to separate it from examples
aimed at content creation or altruistic vocations the term platform work
will be adopted. These platforms differ widely with regard to the skill
level used, the complexity of tasks, the material/virtual nature of the
task, remuneration, and the levels of control and autonomy that workers
experience. Platforms function as a marketplace for the
mediation of both physical (such as transportation, logistics, DIY) as
well as digital services and tasks, although the majority concentrate on
digital/remote work.Of the platforms that operate in a virtual space,
some platform owners deal directly with workers on a one-to-one basis,
offering payment for specific tasks.However, a whole raft of
intermediaries has recently emerged. Some exist as facilitators of work,
such as Upwork, whose platform was set up a decade ago and which
liaises between businesses who post jobs and workers who operate across a
range of domains.In 2020, Upwork claim to provide over 5,000 skills
across more than 70 categories of work. While platforms such as
Upwork and People Per Hour are positioned at the high-skilled end of
platform work there are also numerous micro-task platforms, with Amazon
Mechanical Turk (MTurk) providing an emblematic case of a microwork
platform (Irani 2013).MTurk distributes tasks to a large number of
anonymous workers with Amazon mediating and selling work capacity.It is
well developed, commonly used, and initially cornered the market in
online tasks (Felstiner 2011).A number of intermediary organisations
offering consultancy services have emerged to provide ‘solutions’ for
AMT requesters to help ensure that employing a digital workforce remains
viable, particularly for large-scale corporations.In order to ensure
that the benefits of low cost and low commitment are not to be negated
by the effort required to manage the workforce, intermediaries – who
liaise between large enterprises such as LinkedIn, the US Army, AOL,
Coca-Cola, Walmart, Procter and Gamble – assist in clearly specifying
the complexities of tasks, hiring and communicating with workers,
inspecting output quality, and authorising payment.They also go some way
towards providing an ‘algorithmically-mediated work environment’
(Iperiotis 2012) with a more automated approach to the hiring and
managing of workers, thereby alleviating some of the problems of
scalability. Furthermore, employing the services of mediator firms
enables large corporations to create a chain of concealment which
obscures their identity, offloading the risk associated with paying
workers such meagre amounts.Many large corporations are built like
Russian dolls with multiple layers of concealment (Urry 2014) and
opportunities to obscure their work and employment practices are often
welcomed. Platform owners play a central, orchestrating role
within a network of firms and individuals and, when combined, come to be
collectively referred to as an ecosystem (Gawer 2014). Most platforms
are based on a tripartite structure where the ‘core firm’ develops the
platform upon which third-party requesters broadcast tasks to be
completed by externally sourced workers. These digital platforms have a
standardised technical infrastructure that enables activities to be
globally distributed and repeated efficiently and with regularity. The
interfaces are inscribed with assumptions and prescriptions that direct
the manner that the user is permitted to take.The opening up of
platforms to large numbers of external actors’ can stimulate network
effects, whereby value increases geometrically as complementary products
and services attract more users (Cusumano 2010), extend the installed
base of users, and further expand the market (as in the case of big-tech
firms such as Amazon, Apple, and Google).The very nature of network
effects leads to cumulative benefits as those platforms that make it
beyond a tipping point become hard to dislodge (Gawer 2009), resulting
in extreme dominance of a number of key firms.The enhanced market
position boosts its negotiating power with suppliers, who are drawn to
the platform given the access to a broad consumer base. The
very nature of platforms – virtual, global, and unregulated – means
operations may occur in one region while the parent company is
registered and geographically located in a different region.Given the
footloose and ‘borderless’ nature of crowdsourcing, these platforms lack
transparency, operating outside sets of legislation or regulation,
often going ‘off-state’ and not subject to democratic
oversight.Employment regulatory regimes have limited scope which leaves
firms to frame the interaction on their own terms. While this
unregulated environment undoubtedly appeals to some organisations,
researchers have considered the broader social and economic landscape in
order to explain why firms are attracted towards utilising external
labour.Some relate the changes to ‘transformational shift’, such as the
rise of network organizations and increasing globalisation (Huizingh
2011), while others point to changes in work and employment patterns,
ranging from outsourcing and flexibility, the attraction of boundaryless
careers and the need to access the talent of increasingly mobile
knowledge workers.Framing antecedents in such a way suggests power
relations are tipped in favour of labour.An alternative explanation
could point to the more negative aspects of changing labour markets that
have witnessed rising self-employment (The Resolution Foundation 2014),
the emergence of zero hours contracts (Brinkley 2013), increasing job
insecurity (Berglund 2014) and work intensification (Thompson 2013). [Reading List] Amazon #1 Bergvall-KÃ¥reborn B and Howcroft D (2014), Amazon Mechanical Turk and the Commodification of Labour, New Technology, Work and Employment, 29: 3, 213-223, . #2
Culpepper PD and Thelen K. (2020) Are We All Amazon Primed? Consumers
and the Politics of Platform Power. Comparative Political Studies,
53(2):288-318. doi:10.1177/0010414019852687 Apple and Google #1
Bergvall-Kåreborn B and Howcroft D (2013), ‘The future’s bright, the
future’s mobile’: A study of Apple and Google mobile application
developers, Work, Employment and Society, 27: 6, 964-981. #2 Froud et al (2014) Financialization across the Pacific: Manufacturing cost rations, supply chains and power, Critical Perspectives on Accounting. 25, 1, 46-57. Uber #1
Calo, R. and Rosenblat, A. (2017). The Taking Economy: Uber,
Information, and Power. Columbia Law Review, 117: 6, available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2929643 #2 Thelen, K, (2018) Regulating Uber: The politics of the platform economy in Europe and the United States, American Political Science Association, 16(4), 938-953. #3
Naughton J (2021) Uber’s UK supreme court defeat should mean big
changes to the gig economy, The Guardian, 27/02/21, available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/feb… Other Academic Readings Regarding Platform Business & Gig Economy #1 Platform Business Model Rahman,
K.S. and Thelen, K. (2019). The Rise of the Platform Business Model and
the Transformation of Twenty-First-Century Capitalism. Politics & society, 47(2), pp.177–204. #2 Crowdsourcing Chandler, D. and Kapelner, A. (2013). Breaking monotony with meaning: Motivation in crowdsourcing markets. Journal of economic behavior & organization, 90, pp.123–133. #3 Crowdsourcing Djelassi,
S. and Decoopman, I. (2013). Customers’ participation in product
development through crowdsourcing: Issues and implications. Industrial marketing management, 42(5), pp.683–692. #4 Technological Platforms Gawer, A. (2014). Bridging differing perspectives on technological platforms: Toward an integrative framework. Research policy, 43(7), pp.1239–1249. #5 Open Innovation Huizingh, E.K.R.. (2011). Open innovation: State of the art and future perspectives. Technovation, 31(1), pp.2–9.
solved For this question, it is actually 2 separate papers. I
/in /by adminFor this question, it is actually 2 separate papers. I included them together because she wants them to be about the same person and use similar work cited for both of them, which more information is provided for the two down below. The research paper needs to be 1500 words and the annotated bibliography needs to be 1000 words. I put 2500 words in total for this question for the added up total for both papers. I would ideally like my paper to be on George Orwell, but if another one works better for you then that could be fine as well. I wasn’t sure about pricing but if this is more than the given price I will be gladly to tip extra. Thank you!Research Paper Details:Your paper must focus on one specific author. You can choose the topic around that author but it should be limited to the works of one author. Your paper CAN NOT be a biography. This is a literary analysis paper only.This author must be the writer of classical fiction. Pop fiction and non-fiction are not options for this paper.Your paper must be in MLA formatYou must have a minimum of five secondary sources (written by someone else about the author you chose) in addition to primary sources (literary works by the author). Any sources listed on your Works Cited page MUST be referenced somewhere in your paper. You may not list a source that you did not use.You must have a title page, a Works Cited page, and the body of your paper must be at least 1500 words long.Quoted material may not make up more than 1/5 of your paper.You may not use a font larger than 14, you must use either Times New Roman, Courier, or Arial font.You must use 1-inch marginsAs you begin the process of choosing topics for your research paper, I want to clarify the issue of focus and research. First, the focus of your paper MUST be on the literature that author has produced. Look for common themes among works or the significance of that author’s works, etc. Do the research FIRST before you decide the focus, which brings me to my second important issue. You already know that you must have a minimum of five secondary sources (these are research documents written ABOUT the author, not by the author). But these five required sources must focus on the literature as well. Having two sources about the literature and three sources about the author’s life will not meet the requirement. If there is something significant about the author’s life that impacted the literature that is fine to include, but that should be a resource that is listed in addition to the five sources solely dedicated to literary analysis. Your sources MUST be quality, academic sources. You should NOT include references such as SparkNotes, CliffsNotes, or other sources designed to provide short cuts to the process. Also note that the 5th essay in this course is the actual annotated bibliography for his course, so you need to get started on this research paper ASAP. Please see the Annotated Bibliography instructions below this entry.Again, I strongly, strongly recommend that you do your research first. Then you’ll know what is available in terms of research about the author you are choosing.I thought it might be helpful for you to see some of the research paper topics from previous students to give you ideas as you begin deciding your own topics. Remember that your paper must focus on the literary works of one author. It cannot in any way, shape or form be a biography of that author!1. Charles Dickens–how his views on politics and socialism are reflected in his writings2. George Orwell’s views on totalitarianism as expressed in his writing3. Nikki Giovanni–how her views on civil rights and equality are expressed in her writing4. Maya Angelou- Her view on how powerful words could be though poetry5. William Shakespeare — views of love and hate in his writings6. Jane Austen and her support of rather than subversion of the conservative values of the society in which she lived and how that was expressed through her literature7. Ernest Hemingway and how he perceives and expresses relationships in his writing8. Ms. Sonia Sanchez on how her words through poetry differentiate between black people and white people, men and women, and culturesANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Details:This assignment is your 5th graded essay. Make sure you read and follow these instructions carefully.An annotated bibliography is a list of secondary source citations with a short overview of each essay’s main argument. ALL OF THESE SOURCES SHOULD BE QUOTED/REFERENCED IN YOUR FINAL RESEARCH PAPER. The educational goal is to 1) gather information necessary for your final research paper and 2) to train yourself in finding other authors’ theses sentences so you can write your own.For this assignment you should:1. List at least six secondary sources in alphabetical order. These should include 3 books and 3 journal articles.2. Include all information required by the MLA style for the citation. You can find this in your handbook.3. Include a 75-100 word summary of each source, which should include direct quotes. The goal here is for you to find the author’s thesis sentence. Please note: Your annotated bibliography entries will be much longer than the examples offered below.4. Be proofread for grammar errors. For style guidance, go to https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/ (Links to an external site.)Your bibliography should look something like this (only with longer entries):An Annotated Bibliography of Works about Edna St. Vincent Millay, 1974-1993With Supplement (1912-1973)Adler, Amy. Rev. of Edna St. Vincent Millay: Poet, by Carolyn Daffron. School Library Journal 36 (Mar. 1990): 243.While few students are familiar with M’s poems, “even fewer understand [their] impact on the political and social structure of her time.” Daffron’s book will be welcomed by students once they are introduced to it.Agosta, Lucien L. “Millay, Edna St. Vincent.” Notable Women in the American Theatre. Ed. Alice M. Robinson, Vera Mowry Roberts, and Milly S. Barranger. New York: Greenwood, 1989. 640-44.Lists M’s contributions to American theater. She “attended at the birth of serious American drama and helped to create an atmosphere in which it could flourish.”Alkalay-Gut, Karen. “Poetry by Women in America: Esthetics in Evolution.” Canadian Review of American Studies 14 (1983): 239-56.M is named as being among “the first burst of women poets who wrote as women, from the point of view of women, with the concerns of women.” She is among those who had “something to say about being female.” Finds that M engages in “hiding” and in “protecting the self,” often using a male persona and identifying with a male perspective.Allen, Gilbert. “Millay and Modernism.” Critical Essays on Edna St. Vincent Millay. Ed. William B. Thesing. Boston: Hall, 1993. 266-72.Original to this volume. Discussion of Popular Modernism and High Modernism and M’s place in the movements. She scorned High Modernism and tried to satisfy “both her traditional sense of eloquence and the demands of her many subjects.” While M’s reputation declined, the “overall quality” of her work did not. Her “stylistic uncertainty” and her social consciousness poems place her outside the High Modernism movement. Her place in 20th century poetry is not yet defined.American Theatre Companies, 1888-1930. Ed. Weldon B. Durham. New York: Greenwood, 1987.Brief mention of M as an important writer whose plays were produced by the Provincetown Players.Anderson, Maxwell. “Second April.” Critical Essays on Edna St. Vincent Millay. Thesing. 37-38.Reprinted from The Measure No. 7 (Sept. 1921): 17. Review of Second April.The major flaw is the frequent use of insignificant or fantastic themes. The virtues include “an almost flawless sensitiveness to phrase,” definiteness of object, and accurate, homely imagery. The sonnets show that M has matured personally since RN.August, Bonnie Tymorski. “The Poetic Use of Womanhod in Five Modern American Poets: Moore, Millay, Rukeyser, Levertov, and Plath.” Diss. New York U, 1978. DAI-A 39/06 (1978): 3576.For this question, it is actually 2 separate papers. I included them together because she wants them to be about the same person and use similar work cited for both of them, which more information is provided for the two down below. The research paper needs to be 1500 words and the annotated bibliography needs to be 1000 words. I put 2500 words in total for this question for the added up total for both papers. I would ideally like my paper to be on George Orwell, but if another one works better for you then that could be fine as well. I wasn’t sure about pricing but if this is more than the given price I will be gladly to tip extra. Thank you!Research Paper Details:Your paper must focus on one specific author. You can choose the topic around that author but it should be limited to the works of one author. Your paper CAN NOT be a biography. This is a literary analysis paper only.This author must be the writer of classical fiction. Pop fiction and non-fiction are not options for this paper.Your paper must be in MLA formatYou must have a minimum of five secondary sources (written by someone else about the author you chose) in addition to primary sources (literary works by the author). Any sources listed on your Works Cited page MUST be referenced somewhere in your paper. You may not list a source that you did not use.You must have a title page, a Works Cited page, and the body of your paper must be at least 1500 words long.Quoted material may not make up more than 1/5 of your paper.You may not use a font larger than 14, you must use either Times New Roman, Courier, or Arial font.You must use 1-inch marginsAs you begin the process of choosing topics for your research paper, I want to clarify the issue of focus and research. First, the focus of your paper MUST be on the literature that author has produced. Look for common themes among works or the significance of that author’s works, etc. Do the research FIRST before you decide the focus, which brings me to my second important issue. You already know that you must have a minimum of five secondary sources (these are research documents written ABOUT the author, not by the author). But these five required sources must focus on the literature as well. Having two sources about the literature and three sources about the author’s life will not meet the requirement. If there is something significant about the author’s life that impacted the literature that is fine to include, but that should be a resource that is listed in addition to the five sources solely dedicated to literary analysis. Your sources MUST be quality, academic sources. You should NOT include references such as SparkNotes, CliffsNotes, or other sources designed to provide short cuts to the process. Also note that the 5th essay in this course is the actual annotated bibliography for his course, so you need to get started on this research paper ASAP. Please see the Annotated Bibliography instructions below this entry.Again, I strongly, strongly recommend that you do your research first. Then you’ll know what is available in terms of research about the author you are choosing.I thought it might be helpful for you to see some of the research paper topics from previous students to give you ideas as you begin deciding your own topics. Remember that your paper must focus on the literary works of one author. It cannot in any way, shape or form be a biography of that author!1. Charles Dickens–how his views on politics and socialism are reflected in his writings2. George Orwell’s views on totalitarianism as expressed in his writing3. Nikki Giovanni–how her views on civil rights and equality are expressed in her writing4. Maya Angelou- Her view on how powerful words could be though poetry5. William Shakespeare — views of love and hate in his writings6. Jane Austen and her support of rather than subversion of the conservative values of the society in which she lived and how that was expressed through her literature7. Ernest Hemingway and how he perceives and expresses relationships in his writing8. Ms. Sonia Sanchez on how her words through poetry differentiate between black people and white people, men and women, and culturesANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Details:This assignment is your 5th graded essay. Make sure you read and follow these instructions carefully.An annotated bibliography is a list of secondary source citations with a short overview of each essay’s main argument. ALL OF THESE SOURCES SHOULD BE QUOTED/REFERENCED IN YOUR FINAL RESEARCH PAPER. The educational goal is to 1) gather information necessary for your final research paper and 2) to train yourself in finding other authors’ theses sentences so you can write your own.For this assignment you should:1. List at least six secondary sources in alphabetical order. These should include 3 books and 3 journal articles.2. Include all information required by the MLA style for the citation. You can find this in your handbook.3. Include a 75-100 word summary of each source, which should include direct quotes. The goal here is for you to find the author’s thesis sentence. Please note: Your annotated bibliography entries will be much longer than the examples offered below.4. Be proofread for grammar errors. For style guidance, go to https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/ (Links to an external site.)Your bibliography should look something like this (only with longer entries):An Annotated Bibliography of Works about Edna St. Vincent Millay, 1974-1993With Supplement (1912-1973)Adler, Amy. Rev. of Edna St. Vincent Millay: Poet, by Carolyn Daffron. School Library Journal 36 (Mar. 1990): 243.While few students are familiar with M’s poems, “even fewer understand [their] impact on the political and social structure of her time.” Daffron’s book will be welcomed by students once they are introduced to it.Agosta, Lucien L. “Millay, Edna St. Vincent.” Notable Women in the American Theatre. Ed. Alice M. Robinson, Vera Mowry Roberts, and Milly S. Barranger. New York: Greenwood, 1989. 640-44.Lists M’s contributions to American theater. She “attended at the birth of serious American drama and helped to create an atmosphere in which it could flourish.”Alkalay-Gut, Karen. “Poetry by Women in America: Esthetics in Evolution.” Canadian Review of American Studies 14 (1983): 239-56.M is named as being among “the first burst of women poets who wrote as women, from the point of view of women, with the concerns of women.” She is among those who had “something to say about being female.” Finds that M engages in “hiding” and in “protecting the self,” often using a male persona and identifying with a male perspective.Allen, Gilbert. “Millay and Modernism.” Critical Essays on Edna St. Vincent Millay. Ed. William B. Thesing. Boston: Hall, 1993. 266-72.Original to this volume. Discussion of Popular Modernism and High Modernism and M’s place in the movements. She scorned High Modernism and tried to satisfy “both her traditional sense of eloquence and the demands of her many subjects.” While M’s reputation declined, the “overall quality” of her work did not. Her “stylistic uncertainty” and her social consciousness poems place her outside the High Modernism movement. Her place in 20th century poetry is not yet defined.American Theatre Companies, 1888-1930. Ed. Weldon B. Durham. New York: Greenwood, 1987.Brief mention of M as an important writer whose plays were produced by the Provincetown Players.Anderson, Maxwell. “Second April.” Critical Essays on Edna St. Vincent Millay. Thesing. 37-38.Reprinted from The Measure No. 7 (Sept. 1921): 17. Review of Second April.The major flaw is the frequent use of insignificant or fantastic themes. The virtues include “an almost flawless sensitiveness to phrase,” definiteness of object, and accurate, homely imagery. The sonnets show that M has matured personally since RN.August, Bonnie Tymorski. “The Poetic Use of Womanhod in Five Modern American Poets: Moore, Millay, Rukeyser, Levertov, and Plath.” Diss. New York U, 1978. DAI-A 39/06 (1978): 3576.
solved Piaget Application PaperGuidelines for the Piagetian Observation ProjectFor several chapters,
/in /by adminPiaget Application PaperGuidelines for the Piagetian Observation ProjectFor several chapters, we have been discussing Piaget’s view on cognitive development.He asserts that there are certain milestones that occur at each of his 4 stages, meaning that at each stage, infants and children should be able to “do†certain things.When they can accomplish these tasks, it shows that they are developing and progressing through the stages.This observation project provides you with an opportunity to apply Piagetian concepts to an interaction with an infant, child, or teen and to test whether or not he’s right in this specific instance. InstructionsOn the following pages, there are three paper options to choose from.You need to choose ONE of the options to perform with an age-appropriate participant.After you select which observation project to conduct and have an infant/child/adolescent to work with, complete the observation as specified in these instructions.You must include the corresponding appendix (worksheet) with your paper.You will submit a 2-3 page paper that includes the following information:Brief Introduction: Include the following:Statement of purposeSome background information about Piaget’s theory (general information about the theory, general information about the 4 stages, specific information about the stage you will be studying, information about the task associated with the stage you will be observing)Note: When discussing Piaget’s theory, you may use your text and class lectures.A description of your subject (age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status). Procedure: Describe everything that you did with the participant that differs from the procedure I specified. Results: Describe, in detail, the participant’s responses.Conclusions: How did your participant perform?Was he/she able to complete the task associated with that particular stage?How do you know?Explain.Based on your participant’s performance, what stage do you think he/she is in?Why do you think that?Explain.Was his/her behavior and abilities as Piaget’s theory would have expected?Do you agree with Piaget, in this case?Why or Why not?Explain.There are additional questions associated with each option.Don’t forget to include those in your conclusion section.Notes:Include your observation notes at the end. Formatting guidelinesUse APA style guidelines (i.e., typed, 12-pt Times New Roman font, double-spacing, and 1-inch margins all around).Use APA style citations and reference page.See APA Style Citations section on next page for more information.Papers should be 2-3 full pages long (body only – title page and reference page not included in page count). Submission guidelinesYou MUST submit completed worksheet (Appendix A) with your paper.How do you do this?After the worksheet is filled out, scan and save it as an image file (.jpeg, .jpg, .gif, .tiff, etc.) to your computer.If you do not have a scanner, you can take a high-resolution picture of the worksheet.Just make sure your picture is clear enough to easily see and read everything. Put the worksheet image/picture directly into your paper by going to INSERT (in Microsoft Word) and then PICTURE.Select your worksheet, and click INSERT.If you have selected Option C (Cognition in Adolescence), you can follow this same procedure with your participant’s collage.You MUST submit your paper to Turnitin using the link provided on Blackboard Learn by the deadline. Click on Paper Info & Submission/Mandatory: Submit your Piaget Application Paper HERE.Follow the instructions and upload your paper.Grading criteriaThis assignment is worth 30 points and will be rated on the following criteria:Format (did you follow the instructions)Organization (flow and coherence)Writing style (grammar and spelling)Knowledge (displayed knowledge about theory and stages and correctly applied the concepts to the observation)Analysis and explanations (gave in-depth explanations of how the participant’s performance did or did not illustrate the stage and task)Conclusions (explained how the participant’s performance mapped on to Piaget’s expectations)APA format for citationsInclusion of notesGeneral writing guidelinesImagine that the person reading your paper is an educated person, familiar with psychology, but not with any of the specific theories or concepts you mention.Even if we spent a whole class period talking about something, and you know that I am familiar with it, forget it.Pretend I don’t know.Anytime you introduce something new (i.e., a theory, concept, methodology, measure), explain it in general terms.You can then give an example if you would like, but do not use an example as a substitute for a general explanation. The procedure and results should be relatively short.The majority of your paper should be spent discussing how well the child’s performance fit Piaget’s theory.To give you a bit of a guideline as to how long each part should be, the introduction should be about ½ a page.Your procedure and results should be about ½ a page long.Finally, your conclusion should be about 1 page.APA formatted citationsAs you draw on material that you learned in class, make sure that you cite your sources appropriately.Follow these guidelines for citing:When you copy someone else (i.e., textbook, lecture, article, website) word for word, put quotation marks around the copied parts, and include the author last name(s), year of publication, and page number in parentheses.For example: Piaget’s theory suggested that an infant or child is able to move to the next stage when he or she “reaches an appropriate level of physical maturation and is exposed to relevant experiences†(Feldman, 2018, p. 118).Copying word for word and not citing correctly is plagiarism.Avoid this at all costs.Copying word for word and citing correctly is not as bad, but it doesn’t demonstrate an understanding of the concepts.For my class, I do NOT want you to have quotes in your papers.To get full credit, define and explain concepts using your own words.It’s hard to paraphrase when you have the book or lecture notes in front of you.Read, make sure you understand, then put the material aside and come up with your own way of stating things.Check your sources to make sure you didn’t accidentally memorize the original wording.Check your definition to against what it says in the book to make sure that your explanation is accurate.When you put someone else’s ideas into your own words, simply include author last name(s) and year of publication in parentheses.i.e., Piaget’s argues that when children can accomplish certain cognitive tasks, it shows that they are developing and progressing through the stages (Feldman, 2018).Try to adopt an outside perspective when you read over your paper.Make sure that your ideas are arranged logically and that your sentences make sense.Reading out loud can help you catch grammatical errors.Remember that I can’t read minds – you could understand something perfectly, but if it makes no sense on paper, that’s all I have to go on.Option A: Object Permanence TaskBackground Information: Many new cognitive skills are attained during the first year of life.The primary accomplishment during infancy is object permanence.Object permanence is the ability of the infant to mentally represent an object that is out of sight.By the 8th month most infants will search for an object that is partially hidden and by the 12th month most infants will search for an object that is completely out of view. Objective: To explore an infant’s level of cognitive development using an object permanence taskParticipant: An infant between 3-14 months oldMaterials needed: A clean infant toy (e.g., a rattle or teething keys) and a piece of material large enough to cover the toy (e.g., towel, sheet, etc.)Procedure: Sit down with the infant (the primary caregiver should be present). Show the infant the toy. Encourage the infant to play with the toy.(Most likely he or she will put it in his or her mouth).Take the toy from the infant and partially cover the toy with the towel (in plain view of the infant).Record if the infant searches for the toy.Give the infant the toy (if not uncovered) and encourage the infant to play with the toy.Take the toy from the infant and cover the toy completely with the hand towel (in plain view of the infant).Record if the infant searches for the toy.General Comments on Cognition: What did you observe that indicates that the infant has or has not attained object permanence?What stage of development is your infant in?What sub-stage of development is your infant in?What are the implications of object permanence?NOTE: Parent/guardian of child must be present during the object permanence task.Option A: Object Permanence TaskAppendix AParental Consent:I, ___________________________, give permission for my child, ________________________, to(parent/guardian’s name) (child’s name)participate in _______________________ ‘s PSYC 2310 class project and paper assignment. (student’s name) _______________________________ (parent/guardian’s signature)Participant Information:Infant’s Name: _____________________________________ Infant’s Age (in months): _________________ Infant’s Gender: Male FemaleInfant’s Ethnicity:___ African American/Black___ Asian American/Pacific Islander___ Caucasian/ European American/ White___ Hispanic/Latin American___ Indian/Pakistani___ Middle Eastern___ Other (Please specify): _______________Observation Information:Date: _____________________________________________Starting Time: ______________________________________Ending Time: _______________________________________Observation Setting: _________________________________Object Permanence Task:Does the infant play with the toy? Yes NoWhat does the infant do with the toy?Does the infant search for the toy when partially hidden? Yes NoWhat does the infant do?Does the infant search for the toy when completely hidden? Yes NoWhat does the infant do?Option B: Conservation in Preschool-aged and School-aged ChildrenBackground Information: The major tasks Piaget used to assess a child’s cognitive development are called conservation tasks.These are thinking problems that require the child to observe some transformation in physical quantities that are initially equivalent and to reason about their transformation.Objective: To explore a preschool child’s level of cognitive development using a conservation task.Participant: one child between the ages of 3-11.Materials needed: one container of playdough (8 oz.).The playdough can be purchased or made by mixing one cup of flour and 1/4 cup of salt with enough boiling water to make it soft.Mix and knead well to make it “doughyâ€.Procedure: Sit down with the child.Divide the playdough into 2 identical balls.Ask the child; “are these the same?â€Show the child that the 2 balls are identical/same (that they have equal amounts of playdough). As the child watches, take one ball and form it into a snake.Ask, “do these have the same amount of playdough or a different amount of playdough?†Record the child’s response.Ask,“Which one has more playdough, the snake or the ball?â€Record the child’s response.Reform the snake into a ball.Explain to the child that the 2 balls are the same. As the child watches, squash one ball into a pancake.Ask, “Do these have the same amount of playdough or a different amount of playdough?â€Record the child’s response.Ask, “Which one has more playdough, the pancake or the ball?â€Record the child’s response.Reform the pancake into a ball as the child watches.Ask, “Are these 2 balls the same?â€Record the child’s response.If the child responded “noâ€, then ask, “Which ball has more playdough?â€Record the child’s response.General Comments on Cognition: What did you observe that indicates that the child has or has not attained the ability to conserve?What was your overall impression of how your child conserved?What stage of development is your child in?Why do you think that?NOTE: Parent/guardian of child must be present during the conservation task.Option B: Conservation in Preschool-aged and School-aged ChildrenAppendix AParental Consent:I, ___________________________, give permission for my child, ________________________, to(parent/guardian’s name) (child’s name)participate in _______________________ ‘s PSYC 2310 class project and paper assignment. (student’s name) _______________________________ (parent/guardian’s signature)Participant Information:Child’s Name: _____________________________________ Child’s Age (in years): _________________ Child’s Gender: Male FemaleChild’s Ethnicity:___ African American/Black___ Asian American/Pacific Islander___ Caucasian/ European American/ White___ Hispanic/Latin American___ Indian/Pakistani___ Middle Eastern___ Other (Please specify): _______________Observation Information:Date: _____________________________________________Starting Time: ______________________________________Ending Time: _______________________________________Observation Setting: _________________________________Conservation Task:Option C: Cognition in Adolescence Background Information: During adolescence thought becomes hypothetical and abstract.Adolescents are able to think of multiple solutions to a problem, compare their performances in various domains, and contemplate abstract concepts such as justice and politics.Objective: to assess abstract thought.Participant: an adolescent between 12-18 years old.Materials needed: a stack of magazines such as Sixteen, Young Miss, Teen, Sports Illustrated, GQ, George, Cosmopolitan, etc., scissors, one sheet of construction paper, and glue.Procedure:Explain to the participant that he or she is to construct a collage (using the magazines) that represents who he or she is.Allow the participant to cut out pictures that describe him or herself and glue them to the sheet of construction paper.After the participant has completed the collage, have he or she explain how each of the pictures describe him or her.Record the participant’s responses for each picture.Keep the collage as you will turn it in as “Appendix B†of your paper.It should follow the Notes Section.Out of the participant’s view, classify each explanation as either abstract or concrete.For example, an abstract explanation would use a picture of lips to describe being “outspoken†while a concrete explanation would use a picture of blue eyes to describe his or her eye color.What percentage of explanations was abstract?What percentage of explanations was concrete?General Comments on Cognition:Did your participant use formal operational thought (the majority of explanations were abstract)?What types of collage explanations did you find particularly interesting? NOTE: Parent/guardian of child must be present during the procedure (if child is under 18 years of age).Option C: Cognition in AdolescenceAppendix AParental Consent: (if child is under 18 years of age)I, ___________________________, give permission for my child, ________________________, to(parent/guardian’s name) (child’s name)participate in _______________________ ‘s PSYC 2310 class project and paper assignment. (student’s name) _______________________________ (parent/guardian’s signature)Participant Information:Child’s Name: _____________________________________ Child’s Age (in years): _________________ Child’s Gender: Male FemaleChild’s Ethnicity:___ African American/Black___ Asian American/Pacific Islander___ Caucasian/ European American/ White___ Hispanic/Latin American___ Indian/Pakistani___ Middle Eastern___ Other (Please specify): _______________Observation Information:Date: _____________________________________________Starting Time: ______________________________________Ending Time: _______________________________________Observation Setting: _________________________________Collage Task:
solved DQ#1 Intelligence Alexus MDear Professor and Classmates, Back in the
/in /by adminDQ#1 Intelligence Alexus MDear Professor and Classmates,
Back in the day, IQ test were created to find indivdual’s intelligence level. However, these days it is argued that this test doen’t show and reflect one’s true intelligence level. While the test does predict certain life choices and paths of an individual, it doesn’t necessarily reflect one’s true intelligence and intellectual abilities. Those who score higher on these test tend to be more successful in life in certain aspects. For example, academic achievement ,economic success and have better physical/mental health (Balter, 2017). One thing the test is correlated to is the motivation level of the individual. If the individual is more motivated to take the test and do well, they will typically take and have this trait for the rest of their lives. Also, those who are promised some sort of reward for doing good on the test will have significantly higher scores as well. IQ is a way to measure one’s reasoning ability. In other words it’s suppose to be able to figure out and tell us how well someone can use both information and logic to answer questions and/or make predictions (Stevens, 2019). With all of this being said, the results in terms of how intelligent one is should not be taken seriously. However, if one were to use the results in other ways the information could be very useful to mental health professionals, doctors, parents, educators, etc. For instance, the results of an IQ test could reveal that the individual is having trouble in a certain areas of intelligence. With this information, the school can provide and help the student by giving them extra help or putting them in a special program. Culture also plays a role in IQ testing. What is considered to be intelligent here could mean something completely different in another culture and vice versa. With this being said, some IQ test are unknowingly biased which makes it very difficult for people of certain cultures to take due to their lack of understanding and relatibility to the content. However, realizing this is an issue, many people have worked on and updated this issue so that it should no longer be an issue in regards to culture. As a counselor, knowing this information would impact the writters treatment. If IQ was a topic that is brought to their attention from a patient or their legal guardians, the writer would have to analyze their results and help them accordingly. If a client were to come in with a low score then this could mean a variety of different things. For instance, it could mean the child has a learning disability, has a hard time adapting, etc. It is vital to get treatment when the child is young that way they can start fixing and monitoring the concerns/problems as soon as possible. This way they can begin to see results and work on things that the individual is struggling with. References:Balter, M. (2017, December 10). What Does IQ Really Measure? Science | AAAS. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/04/what-does-iq-really-measureStevens, A. (2019, December 3). What is IQ — and how much does it matter? Science News for Students. https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/what-iq-and-how-much-does-it-matterTanya WHello Professor and class IQ a true measure of intelligence IQ testing is used for a variety of purposes depending on thefunction of the task and assess the persons possibility of being able to complete the taskor if they need support in a certain area (Whitbourne, 2020). Clincians useintelligent testing to get standardized scores that allow them to evaluate the client’s cognitive strengths and weaknesses (Whitbourne, 2020). This writer feels that IQ test is a true measure of one’s intelligence in a certain area or skill. How serious should the test be taken Intelligence testing should be taken as serious as the extent in which the assessment is needed for the task. For example, intelligence testing is used by clinicians to assess the client’s ability to complete a range of tasks including perceptual and memory task(Whitbourne, 2020). This author feels that the information that is found through IQ testing should be looked at as a tool to define problems or successful strengths along with weaknesses which will help the provides give clients the best service. Culture and IQ Culture may affect one’s IQ as some cultures may interpret the information in the testing different due to their cultural influence. Their response may appear different and affect scoring and therefore affect the use of the score with resources needed or capability to complete certain task. According to the DSM- V culture bound syndromes are patterns of behavior that are only seen in certain cultures (Whitbourne, 2020). These patterns of behavior may influence the results of testing. How does knowing this information impact treatment It is beneficial for providers to be aware of clients IQ to assist with formulating a person-centered treatment plan. Being aware of the client ability to complete perceptual a memory task may influence interventions, choice of wording along with assessing strengths and weaknesses supports tailoring treatment(Whitbourne, 2020). Becoming familiar with different testing tools support providers continued education as noted in the ACA (ACA, 2014). This allows providers to obtain information about the client to support treatment and interventions. Reference Whitbourne, S. K. (2020). Abnormal Psychology: Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders (9thed). McGraw Hill. DQ#2 Neuropsychological Assessment Darren EHello class and ProfessorNeuropsychological assessment is a subject that is new to the writer, but after doing some research the writer begin torecognize the importance of this type of assessment. The writer believes that the assessment can be used on different populationsbecause the test is to find out information that will help the professional to understand the client thinking process (cognitive).When the client has changes in their ability to think or concentrate, the reason for the test is to find out what factors hascontributed to the decrease in their ability to think on a level they used to. A neuropsychological assessment should be done onchildren who have a learning disability, so the child can be helped and do not have to be limited to what life has to offer, becausethe child lacks in the ability to learn. According to Silver, & Elliott, (2006) states that a child’s primary “job” is to learn. When a child fails to develop academic skills as expected, this failure may mean the present of subtle brain dysfunction of a developmentalnature. Additionally, a child who has medical risk factors (such as a seizure disorder or traumatic brain injury) may experiencelearning disorders (Williams & Sharp, 2000; Yeates, 2000). This assessment is essential for children who show a learning disabilityso we can help them to overcome/deal with the disability to have a better quality of life.Another population that this assessment would be administered to are the adults who can not stay focused or have low tensionspand. This can be the result of many different issues they have gone through during their life spand. For example, they could haveendured a severe head injury, a seizure, mental illness, and addiction. These are some of the reasons that will stunt someone’s abilityto grow cognitively and progress in life. According to Bhargava, MD. (2020) states that part of the assessment will incluse a review of the client’s medical history. To see if the client has ever had a stroke or seizure before during their life, because this can hinder theclient’s ability to think and talk. This will help the technician to determine what type of neuropsychological assessment to give. Oncethe assessments are done the neuropsychologist will go over the results and write their report. It will include a diagnosis and suggestionsfor the proper treatment, if any are needed. The treatment could be other tests, medication, or counseling, and in some cases more than one could be apart of someone’s treatment plan. When the doctor and other professional get more information about the client’s brain now, you will both be able to make healthier decisions about your mental and physical health later. As a human service professionalthe writer believes it is our duty to learn all we can about our clients to help give them the best treatment we have to offer, so the clientcan achieve their goals in their life. Reference:Bhargava, H. MD. (2020). Neuropsychological Testswww.webmd.comElliott, R. & Silver, C. (2006). The importance of neuropsychological assessment for the evaulation of childhood learning disorders: NAN policy and planning committee.www.sciencedirect.com/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acTanya WHello professor and class Neuropsychological assessments focus on assessing cognitive functioning and examinesconsequences from a brain damage or sever mental illness (Whitbourne, 2020). The scores from these tests are compared to a client’s response on certain test with normative data or those that are known to have a specific disorder or illness (Whitbourne, 2020). Assessments may focus on short term memory lost and verbal reasoning and comprehension (Whitbourne, 2020). Executive functioning test assess the ability to make plans and goals along with following through with them. Neuropsychological assessments are used to find out the nature of the damage to the brain (Whitbourne, 2020). The Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) assess the executive function, the ability to complete abstract or higher order task (Whitbourne, 2020). This testing is sensitive to frontal lobe damage and assess other area of the cortical (Whitbourne, 2020). Brain scans have been included to compare the performance of (WCST) promoting researchers to expand their ability to interpret the score (Whitbourne, 2020). The Glasgow coma scale (GCS) assess impairment at a conscious level and how one responds to a certain stimulus (Whitbourne, 2020). This assessment is generally right after brain trauma (Whitbourne, 2020). This writer likes the Glasgow test and feel that this assessment would be something this writer could do. However, this writer would like to complete this assessment something when a resident doctor comes to see you before the actual doctor comes in. The resident doctor usually gets information from the patient and then discuss it with the regular doctor. This author would complete the assessment and in turn talk with the supervisor regarding the information and treatment. This writer like to complete this task several times until this authordevelops more skills and more dynamics with this assessment. What this author like about this test is that it come in 32 languages which provides a wide range of ability to test those with cultural differences (Whitbourne, 2020). Reference Whitbourne, S. K. (2020). Abnormal Psychology: Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders (9thed). McGraw Hill. DQ#3 Cultural CompetencyDarren EHello class and ProfessorWhen discussing cultural competence and how culture plays a part in the different belief systems each culture believes init has to be considered that each culture has different values that other culture do not value, or even consider. For example, somereligions do not believe in taking medication, and muslims do not believe in sharing their lived experience with another person whois not muslim. The reason why the writer stated the muslim culture as an example, because the writer is muslim and was taught not to testify to a non believer, and that is what makes the Islamic community neglect professional help or be reluctant to get help until theircondition becomes severe. According to Mental Health first-Aid, (2019) states there are 4 ways culture can impact mental health:The first is cultural stigma. Every culture has a different way of looking at mental health. For many, there is a growing stigma around mental health, and mental health challenges are considered a weakness and something to hide. This can make it harder for those strugglingto talk openly and ask for help.The second being understanding symptoms. Culture can influence how people describe and feel about their symptoms. It can affectwhether someone chooses to recognize and talk about only physical symptoms, only emotional symptoms or both. The third being community support. Cultural factors can determine how much support someone gets from their family and community when it comes tomental health. Because of existing labeling, minorities are sometimes left to find mental health treatment and support alone. The finalbeing resources. When looking for mental health treatment, you want to talk to someone who understand your specific experiences andconcerns. It can sometime be difficult or take alot of time to find resources and treatment options that take into account specific culturesfactors and needs. Culture also can be based on a family financial status. For example, a family that is well off has more choices to decide for their treatment purposes. Those from poverty neighborhood will only have limited options and most do not have a choice which makesthem hesitant to seek help unless the situation is so severe they do not have a choice (Mental Health First-Aid, 2019).Cultural competent is the way to help your client to receive the best treatment possible they deserve. It’s important to gather as muchinformation about the client and their belief system, no matter if it come from biological, or cognitive beliefs. The writer believes that inorder to help a client accurately you must gather as much information you can to better understand the client and the way they were raised.What might be considered a problem to one culture may be normal in another culture, so in order to give accurate help from the correct diagnosis each culture and person should be treated as a unique individual. According to Alacon, (2009) states that the complex information regarding symptoms, behaviors, emotional correlates and eventual neuro-biological substrates by means of history takingand actual observation of psychopathological events, psychiatric diagnosis aim at reaching a perspective that is understood of the client’sexperience, so that the most appropriate treatment can be offered, and result in clinical improvement, more effecient personal functioningand a more comfortable quality of life for the client and their family(Alacon,2009). As a counselor it is important for this writer to gainall the information possible to help the client to get the treatment, and to see what type of treatment they may need, and understanding their cultural beliefs will help in the process to be more accurate in treating them. Reference:Alacon, R., (R., (2009). Culture, cultural factors and psychiatric diagnosis: review and projection. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.govMental Health First Aid USA, (2019). Four ways culture impacts mental health. www.mentalhealthfirstaid.orgAlexus MDear Professor and Classmates,
When thinking of the concept of culture, as a whole we think of languages, different clothing and food, different religions, different tradtions, etc. Each and every single society has a different culture that has an impact of the individuals a part of the societies beliefs, norms and values. It also has an impact on how one would interpret or view certain ideas and/or behaviors. In terms of mental health, it could impact and determine whether or not one is willing to seek out and ask for help. As a mental health care professional it is vital to understand the role culture plays in mental health. There are many ways culture can impact mental health. One way is cultu
solved Discussion 1 respond to3 people 1.My program is to help
/in /by adminDiscussion 1 respond to3 people 1.My program is to help reduce the number of Afro-Americans that are homeless in the city of Los Angeles. The bulk of the homeless people of the County of Los Angeles are in skid row. My program is going to have two parts. The first part is to prevent Afro-Americans from becoming homeless. I believe that by having an intervention program for different age groups. For the school-age students, there are already programs in place in Los Angeles County. My program would tap into these already programs like Beyond the Bell, 21ST Century Learning Centers (21ST CCLC), After School Safety and Enrichment for Teens (ASSETS), After School Education and Safety (ASES). These programs help to motivate the school district, school site, and community-based organizations to work together. Together they offer a safe place for the children and teens to be, have a nutritious meal, and get help with the homework. These programs motivate the kids to get encouraged to learn. The children can be drop off at school, where they can be supervised by adults and get breakfast. This program also offers free lunch and a free super. This program provides excellent help for parents. The children can do their homework there, be in a safe environment, and eat for free that is a great help to low-income families. My goal is to let the communities where Afro-Americans live know about these great programs available in their community. Maybe they are not aware that these programs exist. I will talk to the parents and pass out flyers as they drop off their kids at school and pick them up. For Adults, there are adult schools and community colleges that offer trade programs. With a trade, Afro-Americans can get a job that pays a good wage and not just the minimum wage. The last group that I would like to help is the senior citizens. Offer them help through the community centers. My program’s next and most challenging part is getting the stakeholders to contact their local representatives to change government policies to build affordable homes.The second part of my program is to reach the people who are already living on the streets. As I had mentioned before, the majority of the homeless people living on the streets are Afro-Americans. They need the most help because they have lost everything. Some of them have given up on hope and drown their sorrows with alcohol and drugs. Some of the reasons may include not finding a job, VETs having problems with civilian life, alcohol and substance abuse, mental health problems, and domestic violence. The best way to help the Afro-Americans living on the streets is to talk to them in person. I would give them bottles of water, food, masks, clothes, and toiletries. Try to figure out why they are there in the first place. Then ask them if they would be interested in changing their circumstances. I would use government programs that are already available but they are not aware exist. I would offer them help with filling the applications. I would also fundraise and find places for them to be trained in a trade or find a job that does on-the-job training. I plan to contact free clinics and the doctors without borders to come down there in skid row to help treat the homeless people that are not feeling well. Organize them to come down once a week to start treating people with addictions and mental health problems. Help parents with children and teenagers find temporary homes (shelters) to get them off the streets as soon as possible and get them back to school. Meet with the local representative to change policies and find or build affordable houses for the homeless. 2. The program is designed to help reduce the risk of preterm births specifically among African American women of low socioeconomic status. The Program attempts to do this by increasing the sources of information regarding prenatal care to mothers in local areas. These mothers will be given information regarding the importance of prenatal care, where to receive care, how to make care affordable, and more. The information is going to be distributed using pamphlets and a health fair. To ensure that the program is successfully working the number of new mothers that are seen at local women’s health facilities will be recorded. Each new mother will be given a questionnaire at their first visit regarding their history with childbirth, if they had previously had preterm births and some of the behavioral risk factors they may participate in, and how they heard about the care facility. After birth the mother will be given a similar questionnaire asking about the behavioral risk factors they may have participated in and the health of the baby (height, weight, etc.), if the baby was born premature, and if the mother felt as though her prenatal care impacted the pregnancy and the health of the baby. After a year the number of preterm birth will be analyzed and compared to previous years. The data from the questionnaires will also be used to determine the impact of the behavioral risk factors on the length of the pregnancy (were mothers that did not participate in risk factors more likely to carry full term?). The effectiveness of the pamphlets, health fair, and prenatal care can be reevaluated and compared to the results of other similar studies. Using the data from the study adjustments can be made to continue improving the effectiveness of the program and ensuring that all women are better educated on prenatal care, preterm birth, and where to access affordable prenatal care.3.Our program seeks to reduce the prevalence of obesity among adults living in Service Planning Area (SPA 6) of Los Angeles County. SPA 6 was selected because it is the county’s area with the highest percentage of obese adults, and consequently, obesity is at the forefront of the community’s health concerns. The program will be available to residents in SPA 6 who have a body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than 25. Obesity increases the risk of developing serious chronic conditions and can lead to premature death. Consequently, SPA 6 residents have one of the highest mortality rates due to diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke (LACDPH, 2017). Research has shown that a modest weight reduction of 5% – 10% can significantly reduce the risk for developing diabetes in people who have pre-diabetes and improve blood glucose control in those who already have diabetes (Lau & Teoh, 2013; Ryan & Yockey, 2017). Further, modest weight loss has also been shown to improve triglyceride levels and systolic blood pressure, reducing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (Ryan & Yockey, 2017).This will be a six-month program, with 3 months of weekly core classes, for 12 classes. In a recent study, a 12-week comprehensive weight management program that focused on lifestyle changes was found to be effective in helping participants lose at least 5% of their total body weight (Langan et al., 2020). The subsequent 3 months will consist of monthly support meetings. The topics to be reviewed will include calorie reduction through portion control and physical activity, healthy eating and physical activity guidelines, healthy eating on a budget, healthier alternatives when eating out, home-cooked meals, meal prep with a cooking demonstration, barrier-busting, and action planning.The program will be implemented in various churches throughout SPA 6. There will be separate series for English and Spanish speakers. A master’s level health educator will oversee the development, implementation, and evaluation of the program. Two bilingual Health Educators will develop the curricula and co-facilitate the sessions. They will also weigh and measure the participants. A community health worker will promote the program to community members. An undergrad intern will be responsible for developing the promotional materials, registering participants, and entering data. Lastly, a data analyst will conduct the data analysis. Program evaluation will consist of a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods:The registration questionnaire will ask how they found out about the program and why they decided to participate, which will inform future promotion and outreach efforts. (qualitative)Determine if participants experienced a 5% weight reduction from the initial session to the last session. (quantitative)Determine if there was a BMI change from the initial to the last session. (quantitative)Class evaluation to get participants’ feedback regarding the topics covered, the program’s pace, their confidence in continuing with the lifestyle changes, their opinions on the site set-up (location, snacks, etc.), and their ratings of the instructors. (qualitative)The information we gather during the evaluations will determine the success of our program and will inform future revisions to the program.ReferencesLA County Department of Public Health, Office of Health Assessment and Epidemiology. (2017, January). Key indicators of health by Service Planning Area. http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/ha/docs/2015LACHS/KeyIndicator/PH-KIH_2017-sec%20UPDATED.pdf (Links to an external site.) Langan, A., Bader, A., Goedkoop, S., Cummings, S., Tsikitas, M., Nogueira, I., Campoverde Reyes, K. J., & Stanford, F. C. (2020). A longitudinal study to investigate the effects of a 12-week comprehensive lifestyle weight management program on body weight and quality of life. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 40, 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.10.002Lau, D. C., & Teoh, H. (2013). Benefits of modest weight loss on the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 37(2), 128–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.03.023 (Links to an external site.)Ryan, D. H., & Yockey, S. R. (2017). Weight loss and improvement in comorbidity: Differences at 5%, 10%, 15%, and over. Current Obesity Reports, 6(2), 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-017-0262-y (Links to an external site.) Discussion 2 respond to 2 peopleThe program is designed to help reduce the risk of preterm births specifically among African American women of low socioeconomic status. The Program attempts to do this by increasing the sources of information regarding prenatal care to mothers in local areas. These mothers will be given information regarding the importance of prenatal care, where to receive care, how to make care affordable, and more. The information is going to be distributed using pamphlets and a health fair birth, and where to access affordable prenatal careObjectiveData to be gatheredSpecific measureCollection procedureTo reduce the rate of preterm births among African American women of low socioeconomic statusHistory of childbirth, preterm pregnancies, and mother’s current healthHow many births has the been through?How many of those births were full term?Is the mother in good physical health?How did the mother find the clinic?Questionnaire given to new patient mothers at local health care facilities. The number of new mothers the partnered clinics are seeingHow many new patient pregnant women are affiliated clinics seeing since the start of the program?Information documented by each clinic representative on the council board for the programThe length of the new mothers’ pregnanciesWas the mother able to carry full term?Information documented by the clinic representative on the council board for the program, as documented by the OB/GYN.The impact of prenatal care on the length of the pregnancyDid the mother feel as though the care she received while pregnant benefited her child?Was there improvement in the baby’s prenatal development before and after prenatal care?Questionnaire given to the mothers and the physicians to answer following the birth of the child regarding prenatal care and health of the mother and baby.If the mother was able to afford the prenatal care provided and how she could afford it (ie is she using an assistance program).Is the mother concerned for medical debt after giving birth?Does the new mother have outstanding medical bills from her prenatal care?Does she receive assistance from any government programs?These questions will be answered using a post birth questionnaire for the mother. ReplyReply to CommentPatricia RhodesThursdayAug 5 at 11:07pmManage Discussion EntryAfro-Americans are the largest racial/ethnic group that is homeless in Los Angeles county. Afro-Americans make up 39% of the homeless population. They are disproportionately represented in the homeless community. Discrimination is a major root cause for the inequality of Afro-Americans homeless in streets in the United States. There are approximately 66,500 homeless in the County of Los Angeles. The best way to prevent homelessness from increasing is to encourage children and teenagers to stay in school and finish their education to get a good-paying job. Involve the stakeholders to have local government representatives make policy changes that do not discriminate against Afro-Americans and offer equal opportunity to live in affordable homes. Involving the stakeholders per 1000 to participate in training programs that offer a trade or job training. Do not ignore the homelessness problem because it only gets bigger as we can see how the numbers have increased from 2018 at 55,675 to 2020 at 66,436.Affordable housing policy changes.Involve stakeholdersGovernment fundingsFundraiser/ community churches and centersCommunity collaborators, Preventing HomelessnessPrograms are available for keeping children and teenagers safe and interested in school.The number of participants per before and after school program per 1000The number of qualified children and teens that do not participate in the free before and after school programs.Determining ways to reach the children and teenagers that are not able or willing to take advantage of the free programs available to help them.Training programs available for adultsThe number of Adult training participants per 1000The number of qualified adults not participating in the adult training programs.Determining ways to reach the adults to learn a skill that will help keep them off the streets.Community centers that engage in helping a senior citizenTake medications on time. Measure blood pressure, sugar levels.Classes to keep seniors active and social.Providing meals on wheels for seniors that are not mobile.Housing first, programs that offer homes with no restrictions, not tents.Government involvement with a developer to build small affordable homes.Supply the homeless with water, food, clothes, mask, and toiletries, including sanitary products for women, per 1000.Empower the homeless people to make changes by allowing them to learn a trade.Ignoring the homelessness problem will not cause it to go away. Ignoring it causes it to grow. Helping the homeless find jobs and homes that are affordable.Caseworkers to help the homeless fill out applications for jobs and housing per 1000.Find supporters to teach trade or on-the-job training programs per 1000.Mental health programs, detox programs, counseling programs per 1000.Cleaning the streets for everyone. Find sponsors and mentors to give the homeless shelter a support system that treats them with respect and as an individual per 1000.ReburicReburic: Did your classmate include the person(s) responsible for collecting and the analyzing data? In your response explain whether or not you agree or disagree with their suggestions and why you agree or disagree. Provide an explanation, ideally supported with scholarly articles, on why you feel the way you do.