Discussion question should be of a 2-3 paragraph response to the initial post. Then, you must respond to two of your peers with meaningful responses.  At least 1 paragraph.  (Links to an external site.)
Consumer perception of price and quality; which one is more important to you? And why?
Please respond by 7/7/2021 so I can send my peers posts.
Reading material below
Reading: Lesson 9
Diffusion of Innovation
Products tend to go through a life cycle. Initially, a product is introduced. Since the product is not well known and is usually expensive (e.g., as microwave ovens were in the late 1970s), sales are usually limited. Eventually, however, many products reach a growth phase—sales increase dramatically. More firms enter with their models of the product. Frequently, unfortunately, the product will reach a maturity stage where little growth will be seen. For example, in the United States, almost every household has at least one color TV set. Some products may also reach a decline stage, usually because the product category is being replaced by something better. For example, typewriters experienced declining sales as more consumers switched to computers or other word processing equipment. The product life cycle is tied to the phenomenon of diffusion of innovation. When a new product comes out, it is likely to first be adopted by consumers who are more innovative than others—they are willing to pay a premium price for the new product and take a risk on unproven technology. It is important to be on the good side of innovators since many other later adopters will tend to rely for advice on the innovators who are thought to be more knowledgeable about new products for advice.

At later phases of the PLC, the firm may need to modify its market strategy. For example, facing a saturated market for baking soda in its traditional use, Arm ü Hammer launched a major campaign to get consumers to use the product to deodorize refrigerators. Deodorizing powders to be used before vacuuming were also created.
It is sometimes useful to think of products as being either new or existing.
Many firms today rely increasingly on new products for a large part of their sales. New products can be new in several ways. They can be new to the market—noone else ever made a product like this before. For example, Chrysler invented the minivan. Products can also be new to the firm—another firm invented the product, but the firm is now making its own version. For example, IBM did not invent the personal computer, but entered after other firms showed the market to have a high potential. Products can be new to the segment—e.g., cellular phones and pagers were first aimed at physicians and other price-insensitive segments. Later, firms decided to target the more price-sensitive mass market. A product can be new for legal purposes. Because consumers tend to be attracted to “new and improved” products, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) only allows firms to put that label on reformulated products for six months after a significant change has been made.
The diffusion of innovation refers to the tendency of new products, practices, or ideas to spread among people.  Usually, when new products or ideas come about, they are only adopted by a small group of people initially; later, many innovations spread to other people. 

The bell shaped curve frequently illustrates the rate of adoption of a new product.  Cumulative adoptions are reflected by the S-shaped curve.  The saturation point is the maximum proportion of consumers likely to adopt a product.

In the case of refrigerators in the U.S., the saturation level is nearly one hundred percent of households; it well below that for video games that, even when spread out to a large part of the population, will be of interest to far from everyone.
Several specific product categories have case histories that illustrate important issues in adoption.  Until some time in the 1800s, few physicians bothered to scrub prior to surgery, even though new scientific theories predicted that small microbes not visible to the naked eye could cause infection.  Younger and more progressive physicians began scrubbing early on, but they lacked the stature to make their older colleagues follow.
ATM cards spread relatively quickly.  Since the cards were used in public, others who did not yet hold the cards could see how convenient they were.  Although some people were concerned about security, the convenience factors seemed to be a decisive factor in the “tug-of-war” for and against adoption.
The case of credit cards was a bit more complicated and involved a “chicken-and-egg” paradox.  Accepting credit cards was not a particularly attractive option for retailers until they were carried by a large enough number of consumers.  Consumers, in contrast, were not particularly interested in cards that were not accepted by a large number of retailers.  Thus, it was necessary to “jump start” the process, signing up large corporate accounts, under favorable terms, early in the cycle, after which the cards became worthwhile for retailers to accept.
Rap music initially spread quickly among urban youths in large part because of the low costs of recording.  Later, rap music became popular among a very different segment, suburban youths, because of its apparently authentic depiction of an exotic urban lifestyle.
Hybrid corn was adopted only slowly among many farmers.  Although hybrid corn provided yields of about 20% more than traditional corn, many farmers had difficulty believing that this smaller seed could provide a superior harvest. They were usually reluctant to try it because a failed harvest could have serious economic consequences, including a possible loss of the farm.  Agricultural extension agents then sought out the most progressive farmers to try hybrid corn, also aiming for farmers who were most respected and most likely to be imitated by others.  Few farmers switched to hybrid corn outright from year to year.  Instead, many started out with a fraction of their land, and gradually switched to 100% hybrid corn when this innovation had proven itself useful.
Several forces often work against innovation.  One is risk, which can be either social or financial.  For example, early buyers of the CD player risked that few CDs would be recorded before the CD player went the way of the 8 track player. Another risk is being perceived by others as being weird for trying a “fringe” product or idea.  For example, Barbara Mandrell sings the song “I Was Country When Country Wasn’t Cool.”  Other sources of resistance include the initial effort needed to learn to use new products (e.g., it takes time to learn to meditate or to learn how to use a computer) and concerns about compatibility with the existing culture or technology.  For example, birth control is incompatible with strong religious influences in countries heavily influenced by Islam or Catholicism, and a computer database is incompatible with a large, established card file.
Innovations come in different degrees.  A continuous innovation includes slight improvements over time.  Very little usually changes from year to year in automobiles, and even automobiles of the 1990s are driven much the same way that automobiles of the 1950 were driven.  A dynamically continuous innovation involves some change in technology, although the product is used much the same way that its predecessors were used—e.g., jet vs. propeller aircraft.  A discontinous innovation involves a product that fundamentally changes the way that things are done—e.g., the fax and photocopiers.  In general, discontinuous innovations are more difficult to market since greater changes are required in the way things are done, but the rewards are also often significant.
Several factors influence the speed with which an innovation spreads.  One issue is relative advantage (i.e., the ratio of risk or cost to benefits).  Some products, such as cellular phones, fax machines, and ATM cards, have a strong relative advantage.  Other products, such as automobile satellite navigation systems, entail some advantages, but the cost ratio is high.  Lower priced products often spread more quickly, and the extent to which the product is trialable (farmers did not have to plant all their land with hybrid corn at once, while one usually has to buy a cellular phone to try it out) influence the speed of diffusion.  Finally, the extent of switching difficulties influences speed—many offices were slow to adopt computers because users had to learn how to use them.
Some cultures tend to adopt new products more quickly than others, based on several factors: 

Modernity:  The extent to which the culture is receptive to new things. In some countries, such as Britain and Saudi Arabia, tradition is greatly valued—thus, new products often don’t fare too well.  The United States, in contrast, tends to value progress.
Homophily:  The more similar to each other that members of a culture are, the more likely an innovation is to spread—people are more likely to imitate similar than different models.  The two most rapidly adopting countries in the World are the U.S. and Japan.  While the U.S. interestingly scores very low, Japan scores high.
Physical distance:  The greater the distance between people, the less likely innovation is to spread. 
Opinion leadership:  The more opinion leaders are valued and respected, the more likely an innovation is to spread.  The style of opinion leaders moderates this influence, however.  In less innovative countries, opinion leaders tend to be more conservative, i.e., to reflect the local norms of resistance.

It should be noted that innovation is not always an unqualified good thing.  Some innovations, such as infant formula adopted in developing countries, may do more harm than good.  Individuals may also become dependent on the innovations.  For example, travel agents who get used to booking online may be unable to process manual reservations.
Sometimes innovations are dis-adopted.  For example, many individuals dis-adopt cellular phones if they find out that they don’t end up using them much.
http://www.consumerpsychologist.com (Links to an external site.)
Rare. (2015, April 2). Diffusion of Innovation Theory: The Adoption Curve [Video]. YouTube. 
Reading: Lesson 10
The Family Life Cycle. Individuals and families tend to go through a “life cycle:” The simple life cycle goes from

For purposes of this discussion, a “couple” may either be married or merely involve living together. The breakup of a non-marital relationship involving cohabitation is similarly considered equivalent to a divorce.
In real life, this situation is, of course, a bit more complicated. For example, many couples undergo divorce. Then we have one of the scenarios:

Single parenthood can result either from divorce or from the death of one parent. Divorce usually entails a significant change in the relative wealth of spouses. In some cases, the non-custodial parent (usually the father) will not pay the required child support, and even if he or she does, that still may not leave the custodial parent and children as well off as they were during the marriage. On the other hand, in some cases, some non-custodial parents will be called on to pay a large part of their income in child support. This is particularly a problem when the non-custodial parent remarries and has additional children in the second (or subsequent marriages). In any event, divorce often results in a large demand for:

Low cost furniture and household items
Time-saving goods and services

Divorced parents frequently remarry, or become involved in other non-marital relationships; thus, we may see

Another variation involves

Here, the single parent who assumes responsibility for one or more children may not form a relationship with the other parent of the child.
Integrating all the possibilities discussed, we get the following depiction of the Family Life Cycle:

Generally, there are two main themes in the Family Life Cycle, subject to significant exceptions:

As a person gets older, he or she tends to advance in his or her career and tends to get greater income (exceptions: maternity leave, divorce, retirement).
Unfortunately, obligations also tend to increase with time (at least until one’s mortgage has been paid off). Children and paying for one’s house are two of the greatest expenses.

Note that although a single person may have a lower income than a married couple, the single may be able to buy more discretionary items.
Family Decision Making. Individual members of families often serve different roles in decisions that ultimately draw on shared family resources. Some individuals are information gatherers/holders, who seek out information about products of relevance. These individuals often have a great deal of power because they may selectively pass on information that favors their chosen alternatives. Influencers do not ultimately have the power decide between alternatives, but they may make their wishes known by asking for specific products or causing embarrassing situations if their demands are not met. The decision maker(s) have the power to determine issues such as:

Whether to buy;
Which product to buy (pick-up or passenger car?);
Which brand to buy;
Where to buy it; and
When to buy.

Note, however, that the role of the decision maker is separate from that of the purchaser. From the point of view of the marketer, this introduces some problems since the purchaser can be targeted by point-of-purchase (POP) marketing efforts that cannot be aimed at the decision maker. Also note that the distinction between the purchaser and decision maker may be somewhat blurred:

The decision maker may specify what kind of product to buy, but not which brand;
The purchaser may have to make a substitution if the desired brand is not in stock;
The purchaser may disregard instructions (by error or deliberately).

It should be noted that family decisions are often subject to a great deal of conflict. The reality is that few families are wealthy enough to avoid a strong tension between demands on the family’s resources. Conflicting pressures are especially likely in families with children and/or when only one spouse works outside the home. Note that many decisions inherently come down to values, and that there is frequently no “objective” way to arbitrate differences. One spouse may believe that it is important to save for the children’s future; the other may value spending now (on private schools and computer equipment) to help prepare the children for the future. Who is right? There is no clear answer here. The situation becomes even more complex when more parties—such as children or other relatives—are involved.
Some family members may resort to various strategies to get their way. One is bargaining—one member will give up something in return for someone else. For example, the wife says that her husband can take an expensive course in gourmet cooking if she can buy a new pickup truck. Alternatively, a child may promise to walk it every day if he or she can have a hippopotamus. Another strategy is reasoning—trying to get the other person(s) to accept one’s view through logical argumentation. Note that even when this is done with a sincere intent, its potential is limited by legitimate differences in values illustrated above. Also note that individuals may simply try to “wear down” the other party by endless talking in the guise of reasoning (this is a case of negative reinforcement as we will see subsequently). Various manipulative strategies may also be used. One is impression management, where one tries to make one’s side look good (e.g., argue that a new TV will help the children see educational TV when it is really mostly wanted to see sports programming, or argue that all “decent families make a contribution to the church”). Authority involves asserting one’s “right” to make a decision (as the “man of the house,” the mother of the children, or the one who makes the most money). Emotion involves making an emotional display to get one’s way (e.g., a man cries if his wife will not let him buy a new rap album).
http://www.consumerpsychologist.com (Links to an external site.)
Rajesh Dorbala. (2017, December 7). Family Decision Making [Video]. YouTube. 
Fatin Syakilla. (2015, May 24). family decision making [Video]. YouTube. 
Marketing Fundamentals for Professionals. (2017, March 30). Topic 2.3 Factors that influence buying – Family, culture [Video]. YouTube.

First peer below
When it comes to consumer perception, it all depends on the category of products and services. For some products and services price matters more, but for others quality matters. Price tends to matter to me more for certain categories of products and services because I a always trying to save as much money as possible. For example, when I am searching for simple fashion statement pieces, I don’t necessarily look for the quality first because I am on a budget. I just want the fashion statement pieces to last for as long as I want to style my outfits, but I don’t need them to last forever. So, in this case, I would be trying to purchase the more affordable fashion pieces that I like more so than the pieces that have super good quality.
However, quality tends to matter to me more when it comes to items and services that concern my health and wellbeing. For instance, let’s say I need health insurance to cover all my health needs including all regular doctor checkups, dentist, eye doctor, and behavioral. Although price may be a factor in my purchase decision, I need to make sure that the insurance is quality first. The health insurance needs to cover all of my top health needs and if it doesn’t, it won’t matter how affordable the insurance is. I would rather pay a pricey insurance that covers all my needs, rather than pay an affordable insurance that only covers a few of my needs. 
Second peer below.
I think that in general people think that if something costs more it is better. In my experience that is true for the most part. However, there are instances that it just isn’t the case. One of the things I think of right away is food. Many of the things that I buy from Aldi come from the same place that the name brand item comes from that you would buy in another grocery store. I remember reading that is true of their brand of cookies that are similar to Girl Scout cookies. Both Aldi and Girl Scouts get their cookies from the same place.
For me personally, I like to get the best quality item for the best price. I like to take my time, research and then make my purchase. There are only a few items that I will not waiver on, Q-tip brand cotton swabs and Jiff peanut butter. I don’t know what makes me a peanut butter snob, but I do know that several negative experiences with off brand cotton swabs made me realize it was wroth every penny to get the name brand. In the end, quality is more important to me. I would just be wasting money if I bought things just because they were cheaper. 

Do you agree with argument that Bacon’s Rebellion (1675-76) was a major
turning point in Virginia’s shift toward becoming a slave society, with
racism fully instituted in its laws? Or does the evidence from this week’s readings tell you something else?To answer this question, you first need to carefully watch the argument, and then you need to think about the nature of the laws you’re
reading concerning race and slavery before and after Bacon’s Rebellion.
There is no doubt that laws concerning slavery were already
solidifying the institution before Bacon’s Rebellion. But do you think
these laws before 1675 were designed to also create a strict race-based
society by institutionalizing a kind of racism that elevated all white
Virginians over all Blacks in Virginia? Or do we only see such attempts
to create this kind of systematic racism in Virginia after Bacon’s
Rebellion? In other words, do the nature and goals of the laws change
after Bacon’s Rebellion, or do you see a more natural evolution of laws
whose development seem to have little relation to Bacon’s Rebellion?Reference specific laws as you make your casehttps://www.americanyawp.com/text/04-colonial-soci… Virginia Laws Concerning Servitude, Slavery, and Race, 1639-1723Source: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/laws1.html#4As you read these early Virginia laws concerning servitude,
slavery, and race, think about how these concepts evolved over the 17th century and into the early 18th.What did servitude and slavery have in common?In what ways were they differentiated over time?What factor did race play in the laws concerning servitude and slavery?How was racial difference written into the laws?How did these laws affect free blacks?Was
institutionalized racism against Blacks present from the early days of
Africans in Virginia, or was it something that emerged over time?Do
you think Bacon’s Rebellion (1675-76) marked a turning point in the
institutionalization of racism in Virginia, or did the laws passed after
this event merely enhance a racism that was already present by the
1660s? Reading Questions:1) How can this series of laws help us come to a fuller understanding of the early history of Virginia?Of the history of slavery in Virginia?Of race in Virginia?Of indentured servitude?2) What similarities do you see between the treatment of black slaves and white servants?What differences?How do these change over time, if at all?3) What does the appearance of a new law suggest to us about the prior condition of slaves and servants in Virginia?For
example, what might the 1670 law prescribing that “all servants not
being christians imported into this colony by shipping shalbe slaves for
their lives” suggest to us about the condition of servants of African
origin prior to 1670?What do the other new laws
(and the perceived necessity for these new laws) suggest about what life
was like for servants and slaves before they were passed?4) Why do you think the 1691 law declared free blacks “great inconveniences”?Why
were free blacks seen as problematic to Virginia by 1691? Does this
suggest their existence was not consider a problem earlier in the
century?January 1639/40-ACT X.[This statute created a legal distinction between white and black men.]ALL persons except negroes to be provided with arms and ammunition or be fined at pleasure of the Governor and Council.March 1660/1-ACT XXII. English running away with negroes.[This law indicates that some Africans and their descendants were
not servants for life. However, if an indentured servant ran away with a
black person who was considered a servant for life, the white servant
had to serve additional time to compensate a master (or masters) for
his/her absence and for the absence of the black individual.]BEE itt enacted That in case any English servant shall run away in
company with any negroes who are incapable of makeing satisfaction by
addition of time, Bee it enacted that the English so running away in
company with them shall serve for the time of the said negroes absence
as they are to do for their owne by a former act.March 1661/2-ACT CXXXVIII. Concerning Indians.[The legislators decided that Native American and English servants were to serve their masters the same length of time.]And be it further enacted that what Englishman, trader, or other
shall bring in any Indians as servants and shall assigne them over to
any other, shall not sell them for slaves nor for any longer time than
English of the like ages should serve by act of assembly.December 1662-ACT XII. Negro women’s children to serve according to the condition of the mother.[As of December 1662, the child of an enslaved mother was also a
slave for life. The statute was a dramatic departure from the English
tradition in which a child received his or her status from his or her
father. Members of the General Assembly also hoped that an increased
fine would discourage white men and women from having sexual partners
who were African or of African descent.]Whereas some doubts have arisen whether children got by any Englishman upon a Negro woman should be slave or free, be it therefore enacted and declared by this present Grand Assembly, that
all children born in this country shall be held bond or free only
according to the condition of the mother; and that if any Christian
shall commit fornication with a Negro man or woman, he or she so
offending shall pay double the fines imposed by the former act.September 1667-ACT III. An act declaring that baptisme of slaves doth not exempt them from bondage.[The passage of this statute indicates that Christianity was
important to the concept of English identity. Legislators decided that
slaves born in Virginia could not become free if they were baptized, but
masters were encouraged to Christianize their enslaved laborers.]WHEREAS some doubts have risen whether children that are slaves by
birth, and by the charity and piety of their owners made pertakers of
the blessed sacrament of baptisme, should by vertue of their baptisme be
made ffree; It is enacted and declared by this grand assembly, and the
authority thereof, that the conferring of baptisme doth not alter the
condition of the person as to his bondage or ffreedome; that diverse
masters, ffreed from this doubt, may more carefully endeavour the
propagation of christianity by permitting children, though slaves, or
those of greater growth if capable to be admitted to that sacrament.October 1669-ACT I. An act about the casuall killing of slaves.[Colonial leaders decided that corporal punishment was the only
way in which a master could correct a slave since his or her time of
service could not be extended. This law represents the loss of legal
protection for a slave’s life in Virginia. It also was the first of
several laws passed during the last thirty years of the seventeenth
century that reduced the personal rights of black men and women.]WHEREAS the only law in force for the punishment of refractory
servants resisting their master, mistris or overseer cannot be inflicted
upon negroes, nor the obstinacy of many of them by other then violent
meanes supprest, Be it enacted and declared by this grand assembly, if
any slave resist his master (or other by his masters order correcting
him) and by the extremity of the correction should chance to die, that
his death shall not be accompted ffelony, but the master (or that other
person appointed by the master to punish him) be acquit from
molestation, since it cannot be presumed that prepensed malice (which
alone makes murther ffelony) should induce any man to destroy his owne
estate.October 1670-ACT IV. Noe Negroes nor Indians to buy christian servants.WHEREAS it hath beene questioned whither Indians or negroes
manumited, or otherwise free, could be capable of purchasing christian
servants, It is enacted that noe negroe or Indian though baptised and
enjoyned their owne ffreedome shall be capable of any such purchase of
christians, but yet not debarred from buying any of their owne nation.October 1670-ACT XII. What tyme Indians to serve.[This law created an additional distinction between African
Americans and Native Americans. It was an attempt to make lifetime
servitude the normal condition for all Africans imported into Virginia.
The legislators repealed this statute in November 1682.]WHEREAS some dispute have arisen whither Indians taken in warr by any
other nation, and by that nation that taketh them sold to the English,
are sevants for life or terme of yeares, It is resolved and enacted that
all servants not being christians imported into this colony by shipping
shalbe slaves for their lives; but what shall come by land shall serve,
if boyes or girles, untill thirty yeares of age, if men or women twelve
yeares and no longer.********BACON’S REBELLION OCCURRED AT THIS POINT, IN 1675-76********June 1680-ACT X. An act for preventing Negroes Insurrections.[This law represents an attempt to restrict the freedom and
personal rights of enslaved persons. The members of the Assembly also
decided that a slave who resisted a white individual was to be punished.
The statute designated the punishments for three crimes: leaving a
plantation without the permission of one’s master, raising a hand
against a Christian, and resisting capture after running away.]WHEREAS the frequent meeting of considerbale numbers of negroe slaves
under pretence of feasts and burialls is judged of dangerous
consequence; for prevention whereof for the future, Bee it enacted by
the kings most excellent majestie by and with the consent of the
generall assembly, and it is hereby enacted by the authority aforesaid,
that from and after the publication of this law, it shall not be lawfull
for any negroe or other slave to carry or arme himselfe with any club,
staffe, gunn, sword or any other weapon of defence or offence, nor to
goe or depart from of his masters ground without a certificate from his
master, mistris or overseer and such permission not to be granted but
upon perticuler and necessary occasions. . . . And it is further enacted
by the authority aforesaid that if any negroe or other slave shall
presume to lift up his hand in opposition against any christian, shall
for every such offence, upon due proofe made thereof by the oath of the
party before a magistrate, have and receive thirty lashes on his bare
back well laid on.April 1691-ACT XVI. An act for suppressing outlying slaves.[This document contains the first legal restriction on the
manumission of slaves. The law required a master to transport an
emancipated slave out of the colony within six months. In addition,
partners in an interracial marriage could not stay in Virginia more than
three months after they wed. Lawmakers did not want white women to bear
mulatto children because the free black population would increase. They
decided to punish white women who gave birth to mulattos and to require
a longer term of servitude (until the age of thirty) for these children
than they did for poor orphans or illegitimate white boys (until the
age of twenty-one) and girls (until the age of eighteen). Finally, in
this law, the General Assembly first used the term “white” as an
additional way to legally separate the English and Europeans from
Africans and Native Americans.]For prevention of that abominable mixture and spurious issue which
hereafter may encrease in this dominion, as well by negroes, mulattoes,
and Indians intermarrying with English, or other white women, as by
their unlawfull accompanying with one another, Be it enacted by the
authoritie aforesaid, and it is hereby enacted, that for the time to
come, whatsoever English or other white man or woman being free shall
intermarry with a negroe, mulatto, or Indian man or woman bond or free
shall within three months after such marriage be banished and removed
from this dominion forever, and that the justices of each respective
countie within this dominion make it their perticular care that this act
be put in effectuall execution. And be it further enacted by the
authoritie aforesaid, and it is hereby enacted, That if any English
woman being free shall have a bastard child by any negro or mulatto, she
pay the sume of fifteen pounds sterling, within one moneth after such
bastard child be born, to the Church wardens of the parish where she
shall be delivered of such child . . . and that such bastard child be
bound out as a servant by the said Church wardens untill he or she shall
attaine the age of thirty yeares, and in case such English woman that
shall have such bastard child be a servant, she shall be sold by the
said church wardens, (after her time is expired that she ought by law to
serve her master) for five yeares, and the money she shall be sold for
divided as is before appointed, and the child to serve as aforesaid.And forasmuch as great inconveniences may happen to this country by
the setting of negroes and mulattoes free, by their either entertaining
negro slaves from their masters service, or receiveing stolen goods, or
being grown old bringing a charge upon the country; for prevention
thereof, Be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, and it is hereby
enacted, That no negro or mulatto be after the end of this present
session of assembly set free by any person or persons whatsoever, unless
such person or persons, their heires, executors or administrators pay
for the transportation of such negro or negroes out of the countrey
within six moneths after such setting them free.April 1692-ACT III. An act for the more speedy prosecution of slaves committing Capitall Crimes.[This statute decreed that enslaved individuals were not permitted to own horses, cattle, and hogs after December 31, 1692.]And be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, and it is hereby
enacted, That all horses, cattle and hoggs marked of any negro or other
slaves marke, or by any slave kept, and which shall not by the last day
of December next, be converted by the owner of such slave to the use and
marke of the said owner, shall be forfeited to the use of the poore of
the parish wherein such horse, beast, or hogg shall be kept, seizable by
the church wardens thereof.October 1705-CHAP. XLIX. An act concerning Servants and Slaves.[This statute included a definition of who would become a slave
upon entering Virginia and repeated previous restrictions placed upon
enslaved persons in addition to new constraints. The law contained some
modifications on the punishments placed on white women who bore a
mulatto child and white individuals who married a person of color in
1691. The legislators made it clear that Christianity was not the path
to freedom for a slave.]IV. And also be it enacted, by the authority aforesaid, and it is
hereby enacted, That all servants imported and brought into this
country, by sea or land, who were not christians in their native
country, (except Turks and Moors in amity with her majesty, and others
that can make due proof their being free in England, or any other
christian country, before they were shipped, in order to transportation
hither) shall be accounted and be slaves, and as such be here bought and
sold notwithstanding a conversion to christianity afterwards.VI. Provided always, That a slave’s being in England, shall not be
sufficient to discharge him of his slavery, without other proof of his
being manumitted there.VII.And also be in enacted, by the authority aforesaid, and it is hereby enacted,
That all masters and owners of servants, shall find and provide for
their servants, wholesome and competent diet, clothing, and lodging, by
the discretion of the county court; and shall not, at any time, give
immoderate correction; neither shall, at any time, whip a christian
white servant naked, without an order from a justice of the peace: And
if any, notwithstanding this act, shall presume to whip a christian
white servant naked, without such order, the person so offending, shall
forfeit and pay for the same, forty shillings sterling to the party
injured.XIX. And for a further prevention of that abominable mixture and
spurious issue, which hereafter may increase in this her majesty’s
colony and dominion, as well by English, and other white men and women
intermarrying with negroes or mulattos, as by their unlawful coition
with them, Be it enacted, by the authority aforesaid, and it is hereby
enacted, That whatsoever English, or other white man or woman, being
free, shall intermarry with a negro or mulatto man or woman, bond or
free, shall, by judgment of the county court, be committed to prison,
and there remain, during the space of six months, without bail or
mainprize; and shall forfeit and pay ten pounds current money of
Virginia, to the use of the parish, as aforesaid.XX. And be it further enacted, That no minister of the church of
England, or other minister, or person whatsoever, within this colony and
dominion, shall hereafter wittingly presume to marry a white man with a
negro or mulatto woman; or to marry a white woman with a negro or
mulatto man . . . .1723—An Act
directing the trial of Slaves, committing capital crimes; and for the
more effectual punishing conspiracies and insurrections of them; and for
the better government of Negros, Mulattos, and Indians, bond or freeXVII. And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid,
That no negro, mullatto, or indian slaves, shall be set free, upon any
pretence whatsoever, except for some meritorious services, to be
adjudged and allowed by the governor and council, for the time being,
and a licence thereupon first had and obtained. −− And that, where any
slave shall be set free by his master or owner, otherwise than is herein
before directed, it shall and may be lawful for the churchwardens of
the parish, wherein such negro, mullatto, or indian, shall reside for
the space of one month, next after his or her being set free, and they
are hereby authorized and required, to take up, and sell the said negro,
mullatto, or indian, as slaves, at the next court held for the said
county, by public outcry. . . .XXII. And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid,
That where any female mullatto, or indian, by law obliged to serve
’till the age of thirty or thirty-one years, shall during the time of
her servitude, have any child born of her body, every such child shall
serve the master or mistress of such mullatto or indian, until it shall
attain the same age the mother of such child was obliged by law to serve
unto.XXIII. And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, and it is hereby enacted and declared,
That no free negro, mullatto, or indian whatsoever, shall hereafter
have any vote at the election of burgesses, or any other election
whatsoever.

Answer Primary post question 250 words each. Respond to 3 Classmate 250 words each.Primaary Post: Also remember these comprise what is referred to as the “primary post”, i.e., these should be posted in a single post with one response on top of the other. Each should be numbered to clearly show where the response to #1 ends and the response to #2 starts.What are some of the common organizational barriers to the communications process? Who is responsible for removing these barriers? Why so?Defend whether or not citizen oversight committees have had a positive impact on law enforcement, to include police accountability. As part of your response briefly include common pitfalls related to citizen led oversight committees of law enforcement and your solutions for avoiding those pitfalls.Classmate 1 Max: What are some of the common organizational barriers to the communications process? Who is responsible for removing these barriers? Why so? The communications process seems particularly susceptible to obstruction; while the nature of these barriers are varied, organizational ones can be significant and difficult to overcome. ThrouDefend whether or not citizen oversight committees have had a positive impact on law enforcement, to include police accountability. As part of your response briefly include common pitfalls related to citizen led oversight committees of law enforcement and your solutions for avoiding those pitfalls.Due to current events and social sentiments, Citizen Oversight Committees have gained a significant amount of awareness with the public, but in truth they’ve been a tool for government accountability for almost 100 years. Though stood up sporadically over the years, they quicklu gained traction in the world of police accountability. For example, in 1980 there were 13 oversight agencies established and by 2000 there were more than 100 situated in almost every large city in the United States (Walker, 2001). That being said, not all oversight systems operate the same. Generally speaking, there are four main types: citizens investigating allegations of police misconduct and then recommending a finding to the head of the agency; officers investigate allegations, develop findings, and then the citizens review and recommend that the head of the agency approve or reject the findings; complainants appeal findings already reached by the agency and citizens review the appeals and make recommendations to the head of the agency; and an auditor investigates the process an agency uses and completes a report that is presented to the agency and community. Any of these formats may be followed, or even a combination of several, depending on the setup of each committee (Finn, 2000). That all being said, do they work? It seems an unfortunate reality that any oversight committee will be viewed as a contentious and threatening prospect to police officers because with these committees come the potential of harsher punishments and anti-police members. While the current social climate certainly lends credence to those beliefs it’s important to remember that many law enforcement administrators have observed several positive outcomes from having oversight committees implemented in their agency. For example, they’ve found that it improves buy-in from the community and the agency’s image; the quality of a department’s internal affairs investigations; and even the amending of policies and procedures. The recurring theme seemed to be that citizen reviews bring a fresh point of view and questions that actually improve long-held practices that aren’t best suited for today. In fact, in some cases the suggestions of these committees have made punishment less harsh and changed policy to reflect a more flexible and reasonable path (Finn, 2000). This seems intuitive as well, as I’ve seen firsthand how things are often done merely because “that’s how it’s always been done.” So there’s a real benefit to be had in facilitating change that would otherwise not be done because of its inherent discomfort. Furthermore, while it can be difficult and messy to correct a single officer’s misconduct, by integrating citizen feedback into policies and training, the culture of a department can be molded to create a widespread change commensurate with the times.Ultimately, I think citizen oversight is an essential component of a healthy and functioning government. How they’re implemented is just as crucial to their success, however, and it’s important to address certain concerns. Referencing the previously mentioned types of oversight committees, I think it’s most important to have the fourth type that reviews the entire process in and of itself so that it can report to the community that the process is fair and appropriate. I think this takes priority because it ensures that the agency investigates the cases properly while also removing citizens without any police experience from assessing actions and assigning punishment. Beyond that, having well-educated and common sense members on a committee can have positive effects on a department as they provide a different point of view and problem solving skillset. Key to this is the administration taking the bull by the horns, though. Rather than having an oversight committee thrust upon them despite their protestations, they need to accept and welcome the committee and take an active role in selection and then communication with the new committee. The antagonistic nature of these setups has been mentioned, but that doesn’t mean that it can’t be overcome and positive benefits can’t be reaped from this new relationship. References: Finn, P. (2000). Getting along with citizen oversight. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 69(8), 22-27. Retrieved from https://www-proquest-com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/trade-journals/getting-along-with-citizen-oversight/docview/204136079/se-2?accountid=8289Walker, S. (2001). The History of the Citizen Oversight. In Police accountability: The role of citizen oversight (pp. 1–10). essay, Wadsworth.Classmate 2 Robert: What are some of the common organizational barriers to the communications process? Who is responsible for removing these barriers? Why so?The leader should set the tone for the team by establishing some basic guidelines for effective communication. Consistent communication with the team is important and determining the best way to communicate the ideas with the team and that modes of communication may change for different ideas based on the complexity of the information and the team’s familiarity with the subject (Hill, 2013). To alleviate the ambiguity caused by new or complex ideas, the leader can introduce background information about the topic beforehand (Volkema and Niederman, 1996). In addition, the leader can provide the clear goals for the team and give the team expectations of what they are expected to do with the information provided (Hill, 2013). As the team processes the information, they may require more time to fully understand the information. The leader can take this time to seek feedback on the information and provide any additional clarification to the team (Hill, 2013). Remembering that people process information differently is important and the leader needs to have patience with those team members who ask questions or seem resistant to the idea. The team member may not be resisting the idea or information but be struggling with not having the necessary details to complete the task. Often providing the “why” will alleviate those barriers and focus the team members. One way to remove barriers in the communication process is to improve the meeting process by publishing an agenda before the meeting and distribute any supporting documents prior to the meeting for team members to review. This includes any presentations for the meeting, especially more complicated or large presentations. Providing this information prior to the meeting offers team members that chance to read the information and prepare questions, conflicting or supporting information to bring up during the meeting (Volkema and Niederman, 1996). The leader could reinforce a process that focuses meetings on the predetermined topics that should remain the focus of the meeting. Other issues that come up during the meeting should be by exception or emergent issues that require immediate attention. The leader should determine if the unscheduled topic should be discussed in the current meeting or tabled until later to ensure the appropriate people are in attendance and release those team members who would not benefit from sitting through the discussion. By minimizing sidebar or other non-scheduled items of discussion, the leader is reinforcing the idea that the team’s time is a valuable resource. (Hill, 2013). Within the meeting, the leader should ensure all attendees know their roles especially supporting team members versus supported team members. Those assigned supporting roles need to understand their function is to support operational section leaders who are leading the main effort of the organization. In other words, is the supporting staff providing the required resources to the organization’s main effort? If not, the leader should interject where appropriate to provide guidance and resources to the effort.Summarize the meeting by having a scribe or leader restate the topics discussed, who is assigned those tasks, what the expectations are for that assignment and the deadline for delivery. This is more effective when done as a summary before adjourning the meeting, so all team members hear who is assigned which task. Then afterwards, the leader should ensure a written summary is sent to all team members in attendance for their review. For the next meeting, this summary can be used as an agenda item for the next team meeting to update the team on outstanding issues (Volkema and Niederman, 1996).Using relationship power over positional power is an effective way to build trust within the team. Since positional power is granted by virtue of the leader’s position in an organization, tasking team members parallel the chain of command. In that case, the leader-team member relationship requires little effort on behalf of the leader. The leader, by virtue of position, directs the team to perform a task. However, by using relationship power the leader asks team members to do an assignment and thanks them for their efforts. By investing time in the team member and showing respect, the leader is building trust within the team (Blanchard, Fowler and Hawkins, 2005). Blanchard, K., Fowler, S & Hawkins, L (2005) ) Self leadership and the one-minute manager: Increasing effectiveness through situational self-leadership. New York, NY. HarperCollins PublisherHill, L, (2013) Overcoming the ten most common barriers to effective team communication. Retrieved from https://www-proquest-com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/docview/ 1458618907?pq-origsite=primo&accountid=8289Volkema, R & Niederman F. (1996) Planning and managing organizational meetings: an empirical analysis of written and oral communications. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.apus.edu/ login?url=http://search. ebscohost.com /login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=790924&site=ehost-live&scope=siteDefend whether or not citizen oversight committees have had a positive impact on law enforcement, to include police accountability. As part of your response briefly include common pitfalls related to citizen led oversight committees of law enforcement and your solutions for avoiding those pitfalls.In general police oversight committees have had and a positive impact on law enforcement, at least from the standpoint of opening the law enforcement discipline process to public scrutiny by removing the secretive internal affairs process (Wilson and Buckler, 2010). Holding public hearings on law enforcement discipline issues helps restore public trust by opening up that process. Proponents seeking civilian oversight of police departments cite that knowing a civilian committee will review complaints against the police may serve a deterrent to police misconduct and is considered a positive move by minorities (Ochs, 2009). However, some common pitfalls to citizen oversight committees are lack of familiarity of law enforcement procedures, policies, and the application of case law, especially as it applies to use of force, consistency in recommending discipline against officers, enforcement of that discipline, acceptance of law enforcement administrators to accept the recommendations of those boards and ensuring board members are adequately prepared to assume that role (Ochs, 2009). A way to orient committee members to police work is holding citizen police academies that afford committee members the opportunity to get a glimpse of police training. Training simulators that introduce “shoot/no shoot” scenarios present the timelines that officers face in the field when having to make split-second decisions on use of force (Finn, 2000). However, those training simulators themselves are not providing adequate preparation to investigate use of force incidents. Typically, a “use of force” expert will review these incidents from several perspectives: firearms, defensive tactics, less lethal weapons, training and policy and officer-subject factors and understand how all of these aspects coalesce with respect to each incident. Obtaining all of those certifications takes years to obtain and would not be practical for committee members to obtain. A way to provide subject matter expert advice to the board is by appointing an independent monitor to review the use of force cases and provide the committee recommendations or answer questions about the case (Worden, Bonner and McLean, 2018). As a result of highly publicized use of force cases, vocal members of the community and the media may influence the objectivity of civilian board members (Wilson and Buckler, 2010). The politics of the incident may sway committee members towards more punitive measures despite the officer not violating policy, state and federal law and the civil rights of the victim or suspect. An officer under investigation is permitted due process and is restricted to whom he can tell about the incident while under investigation. Once the decision is made to pursue criminal charges, the officer may be subject to a grand jury hearing and then the internal affairs investigation. Information about investigation that is made public prior to the trial can taint the objectivity of potential jurors.I think overall, a citizen oversight committee has had a positive effect on the law enforcement profession and participation shows a willingness of law enforcement administrators to collaborate with the community to rebuild trust. The real challenge is to determine the best working relationship between the committee and law enforcement leader. Additionally, that leader should focus on restoring or maintaining the integrity of the department and openly communicate with the committee and the community (Wilson and Buckler, 2010). Ochs, H (2009) Public participation in policing: The impact of citizen oversight on the incidence of lethal force over time in the largest U.S. cities. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.apus.edu/ login?url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3818/JRP.11.2009.105Wilson, S. & Buckler, K. (2010) The Debate over Police Reform: Examining Minority Support for Citizen Oversight and Resistance by Police Unions. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true…Worden, R., Bonner, H., & McLean, S., (2018) Procedural justice and citizen review of complaints against the police: structure, outcomes, and complainants’ subjective experiences. Retrieved from https://doi-org.ezproxy2.apus.edu/10.1177%2F109861…Classmate 3 Stephanie: Class,Some of the common organizational barriers to the communication process are misunderstanding, misinterpretation, misinformation, lack of communication altogether, etc. (Ochs, 2009) The person responsible for removing these barriers is everyone involved in the communication chain and most importantly, the leaders. (Ochs, 2009) This is because no one person can be responsible for end-to-end communication accuracy and the key to building relationships is keeping the communication flowing in all directions. Leaders can show this behavior from the top down and the team will see the communication efforts given from all members. This also promotes trust and brainstorming giving that team more leverage and a better chance at success than a team which does not communicate. (Ochs, 2009)Citizen oversight committees have had an interesting impact on law enforcement, to include police accountability. (Worden, et al, 2018) This has changed in a positive way by holding officers more publicly accountable and ensuring there is no abuse of authority. This has also impacted in a negative way as police are now scrutinized for their every move, even when the tough decisions they make are the right ones. Common pitfalls related to citizen-led oversight committees of law enforcement are lack of understanding of the police mentality, policies, laws, interpretation of the laws, etc. (Worden, et al, 2018) My solutions for avoiding these pitfalls related to citizen-led oversight committees of law enforcement are to have more interaction within these organizations and the police officers they have oversight of. (Worden, et al, 2018) This would also be an opportunity for the public to learn more and understand the lives of officers and the stresses they are faced with every day. (Worden, et al, 2018)Reference:Ochs, H (2009) Public participation in policing: The impact of citizen oversight on the incidence of lethal force over time in the largest U.S. cities. http://ezproxy.apus.edu/ login?url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3818/JRP.11.2009.105Worden, R., Bonner, H., & McLean, S., (2018) Procedural justice and citizen review of complaints against the police: structure, outcomes, and complainants’ subjective experiences. https://doi-org.ezproxy2.apus.edu/10.1177%2F109861…

PART 1: ROSSWhat evidence does John Ross give that the Indian Removal Act is unjust? Be sure to summarize what Ross says and use evidence from the document to support your answer. 300 WORDS[Red Clay Council Ground, Cherokee Nation, September 28, 1836]It is well known that for a number of years past we have been harassed by a series of vexations, which it is deemed unnecessary to recite in detail, but the evidence of which our delegation will be prepared to furnish. With a view to bringing our troubles to a close, a delegation was appointed on the 23rd of October, 1835, by the General Council of the nation, clothed with full powers to enter into arrangements with the Government of the United States, for the final adjustment of all our existing difficulties. The delegation failing to effect an arrangement with the United States commissioner, then in the nation, proceeded, agreeably to their instructions in that case, to Washington City, for the purpose of negotiating a treaty with the authorities of the United States.After the departure of the Delegation, a contract was made by the Rev. John F. Schermerhorn, and certain individual Cherokees, purporting to be a “treaty, concluded at New Echota, in the State of Georgia, on the 29th day of December, 1835, by General William Carroll and John F. Schermerhorn, commissioners on the part of the United States, and the chiefs, headmen, and people of the Cherokee tribes of Indians.” A spurious Delegation, in violation of a special injunction of the general council of the nation, proceeded to Washington City with this pretended treaty, and by false and fraudulent representations supplanted in the favor of the Government the legal and accredited Delegation of the Cherokee people, and obtained for this instrument, after making important alterations in its provisions, the recognition of the United States Government. And now it is presented to us as a treaty, ratified by the Senate, and approved by the President [Andrew Jackson], and our acquiescence in its requirements demanded, under the sanction of the displeasure of the United States, and the threat of summary compulsion, in case of refusal. It comes to us, not through our legitimate authorities, the known and usual medium of communication between the Government of the United States and our nation, but through the agency of a complication of powers, civil and military.By the stipulations of this instrument, we are despoiled of our private possessions, the indefeasible property of individuals. We are stripped of every attribute of freedom and eligibility for legal self-defence. Our property may be plundered before our eyes; violence may be committed on our persons; even our lives may be taken away, and there is none to regard our complaints. We are denationalized; we are disfranchised. We are deprived of membership in the human family! We have neither land nor home, nor resting place that can be called our own. And this is effected by the provisions of a compact which assumes the venerated, the sacred appellation of treaty.We are overwhelmed! Our hearts are sickened, our utterance is paralized, when we reflect on the condition in which we are placed, by the audacious practices of unprincipled men, who have managed their stratagems with so much dexterity as to impose on the Government of the United States, in the face of our earnest, solemn, and reiterated protestations.The instrument in question is not the act of our Nation; we are not parties to its covenants; it has not received the sanction of our people. The makers of it sustain no office nor appointment in our Nation, under the designation of Chiefs, Head men, or any other title, by which they hold, or could acquire, authority to assume the reins of Government, and to make bargain and sale of our rights, our possessions, and our common country. And we are constrained solemnly to declare, that we cannot but contemplate the enforcement of the stipulations of this instrument on us, against our consent, as an act of injustice and oppression, which, we are well persuaded, can never knowingly be countenanced by the Government and people of the United States; nor can we believe it to be the design of these honorable and highminded individuals, who stand at the head of the Govt., to bind a whole Nation, by the acts of a few unauthorized individuals. And, therefore, we, the parties to be affected by the result, appeal with confidence to the justice, the magnanimity, the compassion, of your honorable bodies, against the enforcement, on us, of the provisions of a compact, in the formation of which we have had no agency.In truth, our cause is your own; it is the cause of liberty and of justice; it is based upon your own principles, which we have learned from yourselves; for we have gloried to count your [George] Washington and your [Thomas] Jefferson our great teachers; we have read their communications to us with veneration; we have practised their precepts with success. And the result is manifest. The wildness of the forest has given place to comfortable dwellings and cultivated fields, stocked with the various domestic animals. Mental culture, industrious habits, and domestic enjoyments, have succeeded the rudeness of the savage state.We have learned your religion also. We have read your Sacred books. Hundreds of our people have embraced their doctrines, practised the virtues they teach, cherished the hopes they awaken, and rejoiced in the consolations which they afford. To the spirit of your institutions, and your religion, which has been imbibed by our community, is mainly to be ascribed that patient endurance which has characterized the conduct of our people, under the laceration of their keenest woes. For assuredly, we are not ignorant of our condition; we are not insensible to our sufferings. We feel them! we groan under their pressure! And anticipation crowds our breasts with sorrows yet to come. We are, indeed, an afflicted people! Our spirits are subdued! Despair has well nigh seized upon our energies! But we speak to the representatives of a Christian country; the friends of justice; the patrons of the oppressed. And our hopes revive, and our prospects brighten, as we indulge the thought. On your sentence, our fate is suspended; prosperity or desolation depends on your word. To you, therefore, we look! Before your august assembly we present ourselves, in the attitude of deprecation, and of entreaty. On your kindness, on your humanity, on your compassion, on your benevolence, we rest our hopes. To you we address our reiterated prayers. Spare our people! Spare the wreck of our prosperity! Let not our deserted homes become the monuments of our desolation! But we forbear! We suppress the agonies which wring our hearts, when we look at our wives, our children, and our venerable sires! We restrain the forebodings of anguish and distress, of misery and devastation and death, which must be the attendants on the execution of this ruinous compact.In conclusion, we commend to your confidence and favor, our well-beloved and trust-worthy brethren and fellow-citizens, John Ross, Principal Chief, Richard Taylor, Samuel Gunter, John Benge, George Sanders, Walter S. Adair, Stephen Foreman, and Kalsateehee of Aquohee, who are clothed with full powers to adjust all our existing difficulties by treaty arrangements with the United States, by which our destruction may be averted, impediments to the advancement of our people removed, and our existence perpetuated as a living monument, to testify to posterity the honor, the magnanimity, the generosity of the United States. And your memorialists, as in duty bound, will ever pray. Signed by Ross, George Lowrey, Edward Gunter, Lewis Ross, thirty-one members of the National Committee and National Council, and 2,174 others.Source: John Ross, The Papers of Chief John Ross, vol 1, 1807–1839, Norman OK Gary E. Moulton, ed. University of Oklahoma Press, 1985, p. 458–461.PART 2: MARTINHow does Martin feel about his overall experience as a soldier? Does he think the effort was worth it? Be sure to summarize what Martin says and use evidence from the document to support your answer. 300 WORDSBoth accounts come from Martin’s work A Narrative of Some of the Adventures, Dangers and Sufferings of a Revolutionary Soldier.Martin, Joseph Plumb. A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier. (New York: Signet Classics, 2010)Joseph Plumb Martin on Morristown Camp (Page 147)The winter of 1779 and ’80 was very severe; it has been denominated [called] ‘the hard winter,’ and hard it was to the army in particular. The period of the revolution has repeatedly been styled ‘the times that tried men’s souls.’ I often found that those times not only tried men’s souls, but their bodies too; I know they did mine. “At one time it snowed the greater part of four days successively, and there fell nearly as many feet deep of snow. We were absolutely, literally starved. I do solemnly declare that I did not put a single morsel of victuals [food] into my mouth for four days and as many nights, except a little black birch bark which I gnawed off a stick of wood, if that can be called victuals. I saw several of the men roast their old shoes and eat them, and I was afterwards informed by one of the officers’ waiters, that some of the officers killed and ate a favorite little dog that belonged to one of them. If this was not ‘suffering’ I request to be informed what can pass under that name; if ‘suffering’ like this did not ‘try men’s souls,’ I confess that I do not know what could.”Joseph Plumb Martin on poor soldiers (Pages 248, 251)It is fatiguing, almost beyond belief, to those that never experienced it, to be obliged to march twenty-four or forty-eight hours (as very many times I have had to) and often more, night and day without rest or sleep, wishing and hoping that some wood or village I could see ahead might prove a short resting place, when, alas, I came to it, almost tired off my legs, it proved no resting place for me. How often have I envied the very swine their happiness, when I have heard them quarreling in their warm dry sties, when I was wet to the skin and wished in vain for that indulgence. And even in dry warm weather, I have often been so beat out with long and tedious marching that I have fallen asleep and not been sensible of it till I have jostled against someone in the same situation; and when permitted to stop and have the superlative happiness to roll myself in my blanket and drop down on the ground in the bushes, briars, thorns, or thistles, and get an hour or two’s sleep, O! how exhilarating….Many murmur now at the apparent good fortune of the poor soldiers. Many I have myself seen, vile enough to say that they never deserved such favor from the country. The only wish I would bestow upon such hardhearted wretches is that they might be compelled to go through just such sufferings and privations as that army did, and then if they did not sing a different tune, I should miss my guess.But I really hope these people will not go beside themselves. Those men whom they wish to die on a dunghill, men, who, if they had not ventured their lives in battle and faced poverty, disease, and death for their country to gain and maintain that Independence and Liberty, in the sunny beams of which, they, like reptiles, are basking, they would, many or the most of them, be this minute in as much need of help and succor as ever the most indigent soldier was before he experienced his county’s beneficence.PART 3: SMITHHow would someone at the time reading this interpret Smith’s account of his adventures with these Native peoples? Be sure to summarize what Smith says and use evidence from the document to support your answer. 300 WORDSBridenbaugh Carl, Jamestown, 1544-1699 (1980); Smith John, The General Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles, originally published in 1624, republished in 1966. “And now [1608], the winter approaching, the rivers became so covered with swans, geese, ducks, and cranes, that we daily feasted with good bread, Virginia peas, pumpkins, and putchamins, fish, fowl, and divers sorts of wild beasts as fat as we could eat them: so that none of our tuftaffety humorists desired to go for England But our comedies never endured long without a tragedy; some idle exceptions being muttered against Captain Smith for not discovering the head of Chickahamania River, and taxed by the Council to be too slow in so worthy an attempt. The next voyage he proceeded so far that with much labor by cutting of trees asunder he made his passage; but when his barge could pass no farther, he left her in a broad bay out of danger of shot, commanding none should go ashore till his return: himself with two English and two savages went up higher in a canoe; but he was not long absent but his men went ashore, whose want of government gave both occasion and. opportunity to the savages to surprise one George Cassen, whom they slew, and much failed not to have cut off the boat and all the rest. Smith, little dreaming of that accident, being got to the marshes at the river’s head, twenty miles in the desert, had his two men slain, as is supposed, sleeping by the canoe, whilst himself by fowling sought them victual: finding he was beset with 200 savages, two of them he slew, still defending himself with the aid of a savage his guide, whom he bound to his arm with his garters, and used him as a buckler, yet he was shot in his thigh a little, and had many arrows that stuck in his clothes; but no great hurt, till at last they took him prisoner. When this news came to Jamestown, much was their sorrow for his loss, few expecting what ensued. Six or seven weeks those barbarians kept him prisoner, many strange triumphs and conjurations they made of him, yet he so demeaned himself amongst them, as he not only diverted them from surprising the fort but procured his own liberty, and got himself and his company such estimation amongst them that those savages admired him more than their own Quiyouckosucks.The manner how they used and delivered him is as follows. . . . He demanding for their captain, they showed him Opechankanough, king of Pamaunkee, to whom he gave a round ivory double compass dial. Much they marveled at the playing of the fly and needle, which they could see so plainly and yet not touch it because of the glass that covered them. But when he demonstrated by that globe-like jewel the roundness of the earth and skies, the sphere of the sun, moon, and stars, and how the sun did chase the night round about the world continually; the greatness of the land and sea, the diversity of nations, variety of complexions, and how we were to them antipodes, and many other such like matters, they all stood as amazed with admiration. Notwithstanding, within an hour after they tied him to a tree, and as many as could stand about him prepared to shoot him: but the king holding up the compass in his hand, they all laid down their bows and arrows, and in a triumphant manner led him to Orapaks, where he was after their manner kindly feasted, and well used. At last they brought him to Werowocomoco, where was Powhatan, their emperor. Here more than two hundred of those grim courtiers stood wondering at him, as he had been a monster; till Powhatan and his train had put themselves in their greatest braveries. Before a fire upon a seat like a bedstead, he sat covered with a great robe, made of raccoon skins, and all the tails hanging by. On either hand did sit a young wench of sixteen or eighteen years, and along on each side the house, two rows of men, and behind them as many women, with all their heads and shoulders painted red, many of their heads bedecked with the white down of birds, but every one with something, and a great chain of white beads about their necks. At his entrance before the king, all the people gave a great shout. The queen of Appamatuck was appointed to bring him water to wash his hands, and another brought him a bunch of feathers, instead of a towel to dry them. Having feasted him after their best barbarous manner they could, a long consultation was held, but the conclusion was, two great stones were brought before Powhatan: then as many as could laid hands on him, dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready with their clubs to beat out his brains, Pocahontas, the king’s dearest daughter, when no entreaty could prevail, got his head in her arms, and laid her own upon his to save his from death: whereat the emperor was contented he should live to make him hatchets, and her bells, beads, and copper; for they thought him as well of all occupations as themselves. For the king himself will make his own robes, shoes, bows, arrows, pots; plant, hunt, or do anything so well as the rest. Two days after, Powhatan having disguised himself in the most fearfulest manner he could, caused Captain Smith to be brought forth to a great house in the woods, and there upon a mat by the fire to be left alone. Not long after, from behind a mat that divided the house was made the most dolefulest noise he ever heard; then Powhatan, more like a devil than a man, with some two hundred more as black as himself, came unto him and told him now they were friends, and presently he should go to Jamestown, to send him two great guns, and a grindstone, for which he would give him the county of Capahowosick, and for ever esteem him as his son Nantaquoud.”

Create a 5-10 minute video of yourself, as a presenter, in which you will propose an evidence-based plan to improve the outcomes for the Vila Health patient and examine how remote collaboration provided benefits or challenges to designing and delivering the care.INTRODUCTIONAs technologies and the health care industry continue to evolve, remote care, diagnosis, and collaboration are becoming increasingly more regular methods by which nurses are expected to work. Learning the ways in which evidence-based models and care can help remote work produce better outcomes will become critical for success. Additionally, understanding how to leverage EBP principles in collaboration will be important in the success of institutions delivering quality, safe, and cost-effective care. It could also lead to better job satisfaction for those engaging in remote collaboration.INSTRUCTIONSBefore beginning this assessment, make sure you have worked through the following media:Vila Health: Remote Collaboration on Evidence-Based Care. You may wish to review Selecting a model for evidence-based practice changes. [PDF] and Evidence-Based Practice Models, which help explain the various evidence-based nursing models.For this assessment, you are a presenter! You will create a 5–10-minute video using Kaltura or similar software. In the video:Propose an evidence-based care plan that you believe will improve the safety and outcomes of the patient in the Vila Health Remote Collaboration on Evidence-Based Care media scenario.Discuss the ways in which an EBP model and relevant evidence helped you to develop and make decision about the plan you proposedWrap up your video by identifying the benefits of the remote collaboration in the scenario, as well as discuss strategies you found in the literature or best practices that could help mitigate or overcome one or more of the collaboration challenges you observed in the scenario.Be sure you mention any articles, authors, and other relevant sources of evidence that helped inform your video. Important: You are required to submit an APA-formatted reference list of the sources you cited specifically in your video or used to inform your presentation. Make sure that your video addresses the following grading criteria:Propose an evidence-based care plan to improve the safety and outcomes for a patient based on the Vila Health Remote Collaboration on Evidence-Care media scenario.Explain the ways in which an EBP model was used to help develop the care plan.Reflect on which evidence was most relevant and useful when making decisions regarding the care plan.Identify benefits and strategies to mitigate the challenges of interdisciplinary collaboration to plan care within the context of a remote team.Communicate in a professional manner that is easily audible and uses proper grammar, including a reference list formatted in current APA style.Additional RequirementsYour assessment should meet the following requirements:Length of video: 5–10 minutes.References: Cite at least three professional or scholarly sources of evidence to support the assertions you make in your video. Include additional properly cited references as necessary to support your statements.APA reference page: Submit a correctly formatted APA reference page that shows all the sources you used to create and deliver your video. Be sure to format the reference page according to current APA style.COMPETENCIES MEASUREDBy successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and scoring guide criteria:Competency 2: Analyze the relevance and potential effectiveness of evidence when making a decision.Reflect on which evidence was most relevant and useful when making decisions regarding the care plan.Competency 3: Apply an evidence-based practice model to address a practice issue.Explain the ways in which an evidence-based practice model was used to help develop the care plan identifying what interventions would be necessary. This requires a particular evidence-based model, such as the Johns Hopkins, Iowa, Stetler, or other.Competency 4: Plan care based on the best available evidence.Propose an evidence-based care plan to improve the safety and outcomes for the Vila Health patient.Competency 5: Apply professional, scholarly communication strategies to lead practice changes based on evidence.Identify benefits and strategies to mitigate the challenges of interdisciplinary collaboration to plan care within the context of a remote team.Communicate via video with clear sound and light.The full reference list is from relevant and evidence-based (published within five years) sources exhibiting nearly flawless adherence to APA format.Here is the Vila Health scenario:Dr. Erica Copeland and Virginia Anderson, a pediatric nurse, discuss Caitlynn, who came into the ER last night and has now been admitted to the pediatric unitDr. Copeland: Nurse, can you give me an update on Caitlynn? I know she’s two years old and she’s been admitted for pneumonia. Does she have any history of breathing problems?Virginia Anderson: Yes, this is her second admission for pneumonia in the last six months. She had a meconium ileus at birth.Dr. Copeland: All right. Is she presenting with any other symptoms?Virginia Anderson: She has decreased breath sounds at the right bases and rhonchi scattered in the upper lobes. Respirations are 32 and shallow with a temp of 101.Dr. Copeland: What have we done for her so far?Virginia Anderson: The respiratory therapist administered nebulized aerosol and chest physiotherapy. After the aerosol she had thick secretions.Dr. Copeland: I see her weight is 20.7 pounds, and there’s been some decreased subcutaneous tissue observed in her extremities?Virginia Anderson: Correct. I noticed this too, so she might have some malabsorption of nutrients.Dr. Copeland: Have we done a sweat chloride test yet?Virginia Anderson: Yes, and the results were 65 milliequivalents per liter. Also, the mother reports that when she kisses her, she tastes salty.Dr. Copeland: All right. Well, I think it’s fair to say we might be dealing with cystic fibrosis here. Let’s get her started on an IV with piperacillin, and keep an eye on her temperature.done2 months agoLater, the diagnosis is confirmed: Caitlynn has cystic fibrosis. Dr. Copeland, Virginia Anderson, and Rebecca Helgo, the hospital’s respiratory therapist have a short consult, where they realize that Caitlynn’s care will not be easy.Dr. Copeland: Let’s talk about Caitlynn Bergan. Her mother, uh, [checks notes] Janice, has been informed of her diagnosis. I didn’t realize this when she first came in, but she doesn’t live in Valley City; she’s in McHenry.Rebecca Helgo: That’s a tough drive during winter. They’re over an hour away, aren’t they?Dr. Copeland: That’s right. It was a toss-up between coming here or going to Jamestown, but I guess the father — Doug — thought Valley City was the better choice. Anyway, I’ve put her on Pancrease enzymes and we’ll be recommending a high-protein, extra-calorie diet along with the fat-soluble vitamins — A, D, E, and K. I’ll update her pediatrician on her condition, and order dornase alfa. Let’s see how she does with the breathing treatments. How are those going?Rebecca Helgo: Quite well, actually. She’s too young to get her to do the huff breaths, but we’re keeping the secretions thin and manageable with the aerosol treatments. I am concerned about her day-to-day treatment, though. She’ll be back here with pneumonia if the parents can’t stay on top of that. She’s at risk for impaired gas exchange and respiratory distress, which will cause her anxiety and more distress, and that’s not going to help her stay well.Dr. Copeland: How well do you think the parents will be able to handle the treatment?Virginia Anderson: That might get tricky. I gather that the mother and father are still married but separated. We’ll need to make sure that at least one of them gets the education they need. But they both work, and trips here aren’t the easiest choice. We should get a social services consult to coordinate services and identify some assistance for the family in McHenry.Rebecca Helgo: I can do some education here, and then do a Skype consult with one or both of them once she’s been discharged and is back home.Dr. Copeland: It sounded like both parents work long hours. Are you going to be able to schedule times that work?Rebecca Helgo: I may have to do some after-hours appointments. We’ll have to sort that out.Virginia Anderson: She’s had one bowel obstruction already, so I think we need to help them monitor for DIOS too. Does the pediatrician’s office have a telemedicine relationship with us? That might be helpful in preventing unnecessary trips here.Dr. Copeland: Let’s find out a bit more and see what our options are.done2 months agoLater that day, Dr. Copeland and Virginia Anderson talk to Dr. Benjamin, Caitlynn’s pediatrician, about how his office can coordinate with the hospital on Caitlynn’s care.Dr. Copeland: Hello, Dr. Benjamin. I’m sorry to be meeting under such circumstances, but I hope we can work with you to help the Bergans handle Caitlynn’s care. On the line with me is Virginia Anderson, the nurse assigned to Caitlynn while she’s here.Dr. Benjamin: Hello to both of you. Yes, it’s unfortunate. This is the first case I’ve seen among my own patients.Dr. Copeland: Are you familiar with the CF protocol?Dr. Benjamin: I am, but I’d love to get any more details that relate to Caitlynn. She’s done with most of her immunizations, but she’s still needs her HAV and influenza, of course. I’m also not sure where to order some of the pancreatic enzymes and medications you listed.Virginia Anderson: We can help with all that. Do you have telemedicine access to Valley City?Dr. Benjamin: No, but we do have it with Cooperstown Medical Center. We kind of have to in a town of less than 100 people.Dr. Copeland: We may be able to use Skype on a more informal basis for consults between us, but it might be good to get connected with Valley City on your telemedicine equipment. If the parents bring Caitlynn to you with symptoms, and you’re not sure whether the hour-long trip is necessary, we can do a telemedicine appointment and make sure.Dr. Benjamin: All right. It sounds like we might see them often initially, and I understand that bowel obstructions and pneumonia are two possible complications. We can handle some of those issues here, but assuming they have trouble during working hours, I assume we can reach you by phone?Dr. Copeland: You or your staff can send me a text. If we need to talk further we can set up a call, but if not, text is the quickest way to get my attention, and the easiest way for me to respond between things.Virginia Anderson: And I’m available via text as well if you’re having trouble reaching Dr. Copeland or if it’s a question I can field.done2 months agoTo address some of the questions that came up during the consult, Virginia meets with Madeline Becker, the social worker at the clinic in McHenry.Virginia Anderson: Hi, Madeline, this is Virginia Anderson at Valley City Regional Hospital. I’m on the line with Marta Simmons, our social worker here at the hospital.Madeline Becker: Hi, both of you.Marta Simmons: Madeline, we’re calling because Virginia is working on a care plan for a child from McHenry, a Caitlynn Bergan. She’s here after a bout of pneumonia and she’s been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. We wanted to talk to you about resources there for some of the issues the Bergans are going to be dealing with.Madeline Becker: Of course. I got the documentation you emailed earlier. Fortunately, the Bergans are both employed and have good insurance through Doug’s new job. But as you may have heard, he was unemployed for some time, so money is tighter than it might seem.Virginia Anderson: We’ve talked to Janice and she isn’t sure what her insurance covers as related to the breathing and other treatments Caitlynn is likely to need.Madeline Becker: I can do some initial work on that. I’ll need a release from Janice to get detailed information, but I should be able to get general coverage information. What other resources might they need? McHenry is pretty small, as I’m sure you’re aware.Marta Simmons: The main issue is going to be the stress of caring for a child with a chronic illness. Even a group that helps members deal with grief would be helpful. Children with CF live much longer than they used to, but it’s still a difficult condition.Madeline Becker: There isn’t a group like that here, but there is one in Sheyenne. I mean, it’s more for parents in grief already, parents who have lost a child, but it’s a sizable group, relatively speaking. I’m sure there will be some parents who understand what it’s like to have a child with a difficult condition.Virginia Anderson: All right, that helps. Now, we’re going to provide as much education as we can before Janice takes Caitlynn home, but what kind of resources are there in McHenry? If she doesn’t have home Internet access, does the library offer it? Is there a library?Madeline Becker: No, the closest library is in Cooperstown.Marta Simmons: Well, we’ll talk to the Bergans’ pediatrician and see if they might be able to help if they need materials and can’t get them easily at home. This is progressive and lifelong, and they’re going to need some support as they learn to deal with it.A few days after Janice and Caitlynn go back to McHenry, Janice calls to talk to someone about whether she’s doing Caitlynn’s chest physiotherapy correctly. Virginia and Rebecca, the respiratory therapist, call her back on Skype to answer her questions.Virginia Anderson: Hi, Janice, thanks for contacting us! We’re getting back to you about Caitlynn. With me on the line is Rebecca Helgo, the respiratory therapist who helped you out when you were here.Rebecca Helgo: Hi, Janice.Janice: [sounding stressed] Hi.Virginia Anderson: Janice, how is it going with Caitlynn?Janice: Well, that’s why I called, actually. Not so good. I mean, not bad, but I guess I’m not remembering everything you told me when we practiced the physiotherapy, the chest physiotherapy.Virginia Anderson: That’s okay, Janice. I know this feels overwhelming. Caitlynn’s condition is an extensive one, and we’re here to help you manage it. We’ll continue to be here as you’re figuring this out, okay?Rebecca Helgo: That’s right, Janice. I know you’ll get the hang of it, but in the meantime there’s a lot to learn. So you had some questions about the chest physiotherapy? What’s going on?Janice: Okay, if you can see on the camera, Caitlynn has these red marks on her ribs here. Is that a symptom of something?Rebecca Helgo: Can you get the camera just a bit closer?Janice: How’s that?Rebecca Helgo: Okay, very good. Yes, those look like marks from the percussion. Are those over her last two ribs?Janice: I think so.Rebecca Helgo: That’s one thing you’ll have to remember: You don’t want to do the percussion on her last two ribs on either side, her backbone, or her breastbone. And when you do it anywhere else, you don’t want to leave red marks. So if you see those, that’s a hint that you’re doing the percussion just a bit too hard.Virginia Anderson: Don’t worry, you haven’t hurt her that I can see. Plus, you’re obviously really staying on top of things and you’re following the recommended treatment procedures for Caitlynn, and I really want to praise you for that. So, is she acting like that area is hurting her? Or can you tell?Janice: No, it doesn’t seem like it’s hurting her at all.Rebecca Helgo: She should be fine, then.Virginia Anderson: And remember, Janice, if you continue to have trouble with this, we’ve got other options. There’s a vest that vibrates the child if percussion isn’t getting the job done. And you won’t have to do exactly this forever. As she gets older and can learn how to do huff coughs, you’ll be doing less work and she’ll be doing more.Janice: Okay. Thank you, that makes me feel better. I couldn’t get hold of my pediatrician and I was just getting worried.Rebecca Helgo: Good, that’s what we’re here for.Virginia Anderson: Janice, should we review the signs and symptoms of respiratory distress? We’re happy to go over anything you need to feel more confident about monitoring Caitlynn.Janice: I think I remember those. I feel like I check for them every hour.Rebecca Helgo: [chuckles] That’s understandable. Well, remember to check with Dr. Benjamin or me or Virginia if you need to.As you saw in this activity, coordinating care can be a challenge when the patient lives far from her provider or when multiple providers are distant from each other. Many technologies may be necessary in order to provide quality evidence-based care to patients when care teams and patients are not in the same location. Nurses and other health care professionals must find creative solutions when problems arise, so that care planning for remote patients is just as comprehensive and outcome-based as that for patients nearby or on site.