Develop a disaster recovery plan to lessen health disparities and improve access to community services after a disaster. Then, develop and record a 10-12 slide presentation (please refer to the PowerPoint tutorial) of the plan with audio and speaker notes for the Vila Health system, city officials, and the disaster relief team.
As you begin to prepare this assessment, you are encouraged to complete the Disaster Preparedness and Management activity. The information gained from completing this activity will help you succeed with the assessment as you think through key issues in disaster preparedness and management in the community or workplace. Completing activities is also a way to demonstrate engagement.
Professional Context
Nurses perform a variety of roles and their responsibilities as health care providers extend to the community. The decisions we make daily and in times of crisis often involve the balancing of human rights with medical necessities, equitable access to services, legal and ethical mandates, and financial constraints. In the event of a major accident or natural disaster, many issues can complicate decisions concerning the needs of an individual or group, including understanding and upholding rights and desires, mediating conflict, and applying established ethical and legal standards of nursing care. As a nurse, you must be knowledgeable about disaster preparedness and recovery to safeguard those in your care. As an advocate, you are also accountable for promoting equitable services and quality care for the diverse community.
Nurses work alongside first responders, other professionals, volunteers, and the health department to safeguard the community. Some concerns during a disaster and recovery period include the possibility of death and infectious disease due to debris and/or contamination of the water, air, food supply, or environment. Various degrees of injury may also occur during disasters, terrorism, and violent conflicts.
To maximize survival, first responders must use a triage system to assign victims according to the severity of their condition/prognosis in order to allocate equitable resources and provide treatment. During infectious disease outbreaks, triage does not take the place of routine clinical triage.
Trace-mapping becomes an important step to interrupting the spread of all infectious diseases to prevent or curtail morbidity and mortality in the community. A vital step in trace-mapping is the identification of the infectious individual or group and isolating or quarantining them. During the trace-mapping process, these individuals are interviewed to identify those who have had close contact with them. Contacts are notified of their potential exposure, testing referrals become paramount, and individuals are connected with appropriate services they might need during the self-quarantine period (CDC, 2020).
An example of such disaster is the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020. People who had contact with someone who were in contact with the COVID-19 virus were encouraged to stay home and maintain social distance (at least 6 feet) from others until 14 days after their last exposure to a person with COVID-19. Contacts were required to monitor themselves by checking their temperature twice daily and watching for symptoms of COVID-19 (CDC, 2020). Local, state, and health department guidelines were essential in establishing the recovery phase. Triage Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) in the case of COVID-19 focused on inpatient and outpatient health care facilities that would be receiving, or preparing to receive, suspected, or confirmed COVID- 19 victims. Controlling droplet transmission through hand washing, social distancing, self-quarantine, PPE, installing barriers, education, and standardized triage algorithm/questionnaires became essential to the triage system (CDC, 2020; WHO, 2020).
This assessment provides an opportunity for you to apply the concepts of emergency preparedness, public health assessment, triage, management, and surveillance after a disaster. You will also focus on evacuation, extended displacement periods, and contact tracing based on the disaster scenario provided.

The following activity provides the context and information needed to complete the assessment:

Vila Health: Disaster Recovery Scenario.

The following articles will help you better understand public health assessment and surveillance as well as the nurse’s role in disaster preparedness and management in the workplace and community.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2018). Coping with a disaster or traumatic event. https://emergency.cdc.gov/coping/index.as
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2018). Emergency preparedness and response. https://emergency.cdc.gov/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Guidance on microbial contamination in previously flooded outdoor areas. https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/publications/guidance…
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (n.d.). National Flood Insurance Program. https://www.floodsmart.gov/
Kreisberg, D., Thomas, D. S. K., Valley, M., Newell, S., Janes, E., & Little, C. (2016). Vulnerable populations in hospital and health care emergency preparedness planning: A comprehensive framework for inclusion. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 31(2), 211–219.
Madrigano, J., Chandra, A., Costigan, T., & Acosta, J. D. (2017). Beyond disaster preparedness: Building a resilience-oriented workforce for the future. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12), 1–14.
Ready.gov. (n.d.). Plan ahead for disasters. https://www.ready.gov/
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). (2018). Plan and prepare for disasters. https://www.dhs.gov/plan-and-prepare-disasters
Veenema, T. G., Losinski, S., L., & Hilmi, L. M. (2016). Increasing emergency preparedness. AJN, American Journal of Nursing, 116(1), 40–53.
Veenema, T. G., Griffin, A., Gable, A. R., MacIntyre, L., Simons, N., Couig, M. Pat., . . . Larson, E. (2016). Nurses as leaders in disaster preparedness and response: A call to action. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 48(2), 187–200.

The following resources will help in developing a disaster recovery plan.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (n.d.). Healthy People 2020. https://www.healthypeople.gov/
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (ODPHP) (n.d.). MAP-IT: A guide to using Healthy People 2020 in your community. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/tools-and-resou… 

Disaster Recovery Scenario

Introduction
Background
Staff Interviews
Follow-up Report
Conclusion

Introduction
For a health care facility to be able to fill its role in the community, it must actively plan not only for normal operation, but also for worst-case scenarios which could occur. In such disasters, the hospital’s services will be particularly crucial, even if the specifics of the disaster make it more difficult for the facility to stay open.
In this scenario, you will resume your role as the senior nurse at Valley City Regional Hospital. Like many facilities within the Vila Health network, Valley City Regional serves as the primary source of health care for a wide area of North Dakota. As such, it is even more imperative than usual that it stay open and operational in all situations. Doing this means planning and preparation.
The administrator of the hospital, Jennifer Paulson, wants to talk to you about disaster preparedness and recovery at Valley City Regional. But first, you should read some background information about events in Valley City in the past few years, including the involvement of the hospital.
Background
Investigate the scene for relevant background information.
Article
HOPE FOR THE BEST, PLAN FOR THE WORST
Op-ed by Anne Levy, Valley City Herald
Valley City has had a great year, growing on a number of fronts. But all of our growth and success exists in the shadow of the recent past, a case of recent wounds slowly healing and fading to scars.
No one who was in Valley City two years ago will ever forget the catastrophic derailment of an oil-tanker train and the subsequent explosion and fire. While fatalities were fewer than they could have been, six residents of our city lost their lives. Nearly two hundred were hospitalized, and much of the city was temporarily evacuated. Several homes near the railroad tracks were leveled, and our water supply was contaminated by oil leakage for several months.
Life has resumed, and we have begun to thrive again, in our fashion. But the nagging feeling recurs: When the disaster struck, were our institutions properly prepared? No one wakes up in the morning expecting a train derailment, of course. But responsible institutions think about things that could go wrong within the realm of possibility, and make a plan. Many individuals performed brave, inspired, selfless service in the chaos of the derailment, but it is clear in retrospect that much of the work was improvised, disorganized, and often circular or at cross-purposes.
For the first two hours of the crisis, the Valley City Fire Department was caught unprepared by the damage to the city water supply caused by the explosion, which was more extensive than had been considered possible. The Fire and Police departments had trouble coordinating radio communications, and a clear chain of command at the scene between departments was painfully slow to emerge. The hospital was woefully understaffed for the first six hours of the crisis, taking far too long to find a way to bring additional staff and resources onto the scene. The city health department was unacceptably dilatory in testing the municipal water supply for contaminants.
A call from the Herald’s offices to City Hall confirmed that the city’s disaster plan is over a decade old, and is unfortunately myopic both in the events it considers as possible disasters and in the agencies it plans for. It is of utmost importance to the future of our city that this plan be revised, revisited, and expanded. All city agencies should review their own disaster plans and coordinate with the city for a master plan. The same goes for crucial non-government agencies, most especially the Valley City Regional Hospital. Of course, this all exists in the shadow of budget cuts both at city hall and the hospital.
The sun is shining today, without a cloud in the sky. This is the time to make sure we are ready for the next storm, so to speak, to hit our city. No one knows what the next crisis will be or when it will come. But we can count on the fact that no one will get up that morning expecting it.
Jennifer
Administrator, Valley City Hospital
Hello, thanks for stopping by. I hope you’re settling in well.
I’d been planning on talking to you about disaster planning in the near future anyway, but now it looks like it’s a lot more urgent. I’m not sure if you’ve heard, but the National Weather Service says we’re going to be at an elevated risk for severe tornadoes in Valley City this season. I’m taking that as a clear sign that it’s time we get serious about disaster planning. And it’s not just me… The mayor just called me and asked the hospital to check our preparedness for a mass-casualty event, given recent qualms about the way the derailment was handled. For instance, did you see that op-ed in the paper about disaster planning?
Anyway. My particular concern is patient triage in the near term and recovery efforts over the next six months. As I work on a more formal response to the Mayor about where we’re at for this threat, I’d appreciate it if you could do some research and planning on this matter. Even if we dodge the bullet on these tornadoes, there’ll be something else in the future. We need to stop putting it off and get serious about our disaster planning.
What I’d like for you to do first is take some time to talk to a good cross-section of people here at the hospital about what happened last time, and about our disaster plan in general. Make sure you get people from administration as well as frontline care staff; after all, problems can be visible in one area but not another a lot of times. So spread it around! Since you weren’t here for the train crisis, I think you’re in a unique position to have a fresh, unbiased outlook on it. Actually, first you might find it useful to take a look at the hospital fact sheet, just to brush up on our basics here.
After you’ve looked at the fact sheet and done some talking to people, I’d like you to swing back by and we’ll talk about next steps.
Thanks!
Fact Sheet
VALLEY CITY, ND, DEMOGRAPHICS
Population: 8,295 (up from 6,585 in 2010 census)
Median Age: 43.6 years. 17.1% under age 18; 14.8% between 18 and 24; 21.1% between 25 and 44; 24.9% 46 – 64; 22% 65 or older.
Officially, residents are 93% white, 3% Latino, 2% African-American, 1% Native American, 1% other.
—additionally, unknown number of undocumented migrant workers with limited English proficiency
Special needs: 204 residents are elderly with complex health conditions; 147 physically disabled and/or use lip-reading or American Sign Language to communicate.
Note that the Valley City Homeless shelter runs at capacity and is generally unable to accommodate all of the city’s homeless population. Also, the city is in the midst of a financial crisis, with bankruptcy looming, and has instituted layoffs at the police and fire departments.
VALLEY CITY REGIONAL HOSPITAL FACT SHEET
105-bed hospital (currently 97 patients; 5 on ventilators, 2 in hospice care.)
NOTEWORTHY: Both of VCRH’s ambulances are aging and in need of overhaul. Also, much of the hospital’s basic infrastructure and equipment is old and showing wear. The hospital has run at persistent deficits and has been unable to upgrade; may be looking at downsizing nursing staff.
Staff Interviews
Select each individual to hear their statement.
KATE MCVEIGH
RN
Hey there! Yeah, I think I have a minute or two to talk about the derailment. Wow. It’s crazy. I guess that’s been a while, but it still feels like it just happened. It’s all so vivid!
I was on shift when it happened, so I was here for the whole thing. The blast, the first few injuries, and then the wave. I think I was working for 16 hours before Heather, the former head nurse, told me to leave before I passed out.
I just remember a big jumble. We had waves of people coming in before we were really aware of what we were up against. Someone actually brought out the disaster plan but it was kind of useless. Just a bunch of words about using resources wisely and what have you, no concrete steps or plan. And then people started pouring in and we started treating them and there just wasn’t time to figure out how to make that stuff about using resources wisely into an actual, concrete plan. I mean, of course it’s good advice to use your damned resources wisely in an emergency! But just saying that doesn’t help. Without a plan, we were just working our way through a line, or really more like a crowd, without any thought of triage or priorities or anything. You knew as you were doing it that it was bad, but what could you do? There was always a next person to help.
You know what would have been useful in that damn disaster plan? Strict, functional checklists and lists of steps and such. Concrete plans for a chain of command. Clear lists of what to do and what our priorities should have been. And I’m just talking doctor and nurse time here, as far as waste goes. I know we had critical problems with supplies and such, but I was too focused on patient care to really know what was going on there.
OK. I have to go do rounds. Good luck. Yikes. I’m all anxious just thinking about that again.
MEGAN CAMPBELL
RN
Oh, I remember the night of the derailment really well. I’ll never forget it. I was off that night, out for dinner with my family. Heard the boom and the word spread through the Pizza Hut about what had happened pretty quickly. I kept expecting a call telling me to come in to the hospital, but none ever came. After maybe ten minutes of that, I figured I’d better just come in on my own. It was pretty clear there were going to be a lot of people moving through the hospital.
I guess that was a little bit of a failure, but it’s nothing compared to what I saw when I showed up at the hospital. I just hustled into the ER and started helping out. It wasn’t clear who was in charge, and nobody was making any decisions. People just started piling in with burn wounds, smoke inhalation, blunt trauma from the explosion, you name it. And we were just dealing with them first-come, first serve, more or less. Just working our way through the room while people kept coming in and piling up. I knew that this wasn’t the right way to be doing this – heck, we all knew – but the room was too chaotic for anyone to take a second and say “stop” and impose some kind of systematic approach. I don’t know for sure if any lives were lost because of the muddle, but I know people with some very serious injuries suffered a lot longer than they needed to while we were treating people with minor sprains and contusions who’d just happened to get to the ER a little earlier.
Hope this helps!
COURTNEY DONOVAN
M.D.
I can’t say that I feel great about the state of disaster planning here at the hospital. I know we keep talking about doing something, but it never seems to get any further than talk. I mean, no offense, but I think this is the third time since the derailment that someone has tried to talk to me about lessons learned. There’s a point where just that repetition makes it clear that no lessons have been learned.
But just to be a good sport: The big lesson from the derailment is that our staff is intelligent, resourceful, energetic, and flexible. That’s the good news. Stuck with a horrific situation and a disaster plan that I’d describe as “aspirational,” we got through a very rough event. It was more painful than it needed to be, since we had to improvise most of it and improvisation is never the most efficient way to do things. But we provided real help to people and I think we kept the loss of life admirably low.
But god. There was no structure, no thought to anything. I tried to get the nurses to perform some triage, but they were too busy reacting to the latest mini-crisis to pop up in front of them. I don’t blame them, of course! I tried to give some orders, but then like the nurses I was always pulled in to sit with the next patient, and someone else would come out and countermand whatever I’d said, and it just went on like that all night.
On a personal level, I know I pushed myself too hard that night. I mean, with good reason, but still. I was exhausted and loopy after 14 hours or so, and it’s just luck that I didn’t make any serious medical errors. I’m not the only one who put it all out there. I know most of the medical staff were in bad shape towards the end, too. I guess that’s always going to be a risk, but I think we could have planned our operations a little better. If we’d been more thoughtful about what we were doing, maybe we wouldn’t have needed to grind ourselves down so far.
You know what else? I’ve never felt good about our long-term check-ins afterwards. People who had recurring problems related to the derailment came in, but neither we at the hospital or anybody in public health did enough to check in with people on an ongoing basis in the months after the disaster. Even when we were having those water contamination issues! People forget about that–the derailment disaster really continued for months afterwards as the cleanup went on.
I hope you’re serious about taking this information and turning it into something useful. For god’s sake, please don’t just write it all down and keep it on your laptop this time.
MIKE HORGAN
ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR HOSPITAL OPERATIONS
I have been screaming about the need to update our disaster plan for years. I was screaming about it before the train incident, too, but nobody would listen then. I figured people might listen afterwards, but that hasn’t been the case, at least so far. If I’m talking to you about this right now, maybe it’s a good sign.
Look. I respect the heck out of Jen Paulson, she’s been a great hospital administrator. But she’s also got a lot on her plate, and is never, ever able to properly take a step back and look at the big picture. Not her fault, it’s a systemic thing.
And all of our disaster-planning problems are systemic. The disaster plan as it exists is basically a binder full of memos, each memo just being something I or Jen or someone else went and wrote down after we’d had a conversation about what to do if there was a catastrophic snowstorm or what have you. At best, it works as a bunch of notes that you could use to build a real disaster plan out of. As something you could act on in a crisis? No way. And we proved that in the train incident.
One thing that makes me crazy about all of this: in all of our conversations, we act like we here at the hospital can cook up a plan on our own that’ll get us through anything. But that’s just crazy. We can and should have a plan. But when the stuff hits the fan, we’re not on our own and we can’t work from a plan that pretends we are. We interface directly with first responders: the fire department, the EMTs, and the police and sheriff’s departments. Our plan needs to coordinate with them. We saw that in spades on the night of the train explosion. We barely had functional communication with any of the other agencies for the first few hours of the crisis! People were being brought over by the ambulance load and just kind of dumped off so that they could go pick up the next wave! There was a serious problem with understandably panicked people crowding the hospital, mostly trying to find out where their loved ones were and if they were OK, and it was three in the morning before we had police here doing crowd control.
So if you’re helping Jen work on an improved disaster plan: First, thank you. Second, please, PLEASE reach out to people at other agencies around town and work out some joint-operation protocols for next time.
ANDREW STELLER
HOSPITAL CFO
Well, welcome to the house of gripes.
Sorry. It’s just that this is kind of a tough stretch, since the budget realities we’re facing make everything extra difficult and fraught. Believe me, I understand the importance of planning for the next disaster. It’s just that this is one more thing that our shortfalls are going to make really, really difficult.
It’s looking pretty likely that we’re going to need to cut our nursing staff pretty soon. Aside from the day-to-day problems that’ll cause, it’ll have a huge impact in a disaster. But it’s worse than that. Impact from a disaster doesn’t just happen in the midst of the crisis. It lingers, just like we saw with the derailment. And we’re going to have a hell of a time in that aftermath phase if we’re dealing with a reduced workforce and reduced resources.
I mean, think about who gets impacted when something major happens. The impact, especially long-term, doesn’t affect everyone equally. Think about any kind of special-needs population: people who don’t speak English, people with grave health problems who need ongoing care, people with serious economic problems… Those people are going to be affected up-front at least as much, if not more than, the baseline population, but then their recovery is going to be that much harder. That’s a reality that’s been borne out over and over. You see it with health impact, economic impact, even physical impact. If you were a little bit behind before, you’ll be a bit further behind after. We need, as both a moral and legal imperative, to provide equal access and service for all of the different parts of a diverse community. And again, we’ll be facing that situation with reduced capacity.
Another thing that’s going to be a factor in our post-disaster recovery is government. Does FEMA step in? How long do they stay? Is there a disaster declaration, with some recovery funding? How about at the state level? Who’s coordinating all of this? This sort of thing requires a ton of communication and collaboration with governmental entities at all levels. We like to pretend we’re autonomous in these situations but we aren’t at all. There’s always a minefield of government funding and health policy to dig through as we try to put ourselves back together.
Sorry to be the voice of gloom and doom here. This stuff isn’t impossible, but god knows it’s difficult.
ANTHONY MARTINEZ
DIRECTOR, FACILITIES
Hey there.
Disaster planning, huh? Yeah, it’d be good to have a disaster plan. It’s hard to do in real life, when you’re trapped by the realities of a budget cycle. You know? Whatever we plan, whatever we think is the right thing to do for the long term, there’s also this reality that Vila Health HQ expects us to hit certain monetary targets and we have to not only factor that into any idea about disaster planning, but also have to focus on hitting those targets rather than sitting down and, you know, making a plan.
I try to do things in my own way as much as I can. For critical supplies in the building, I work to build as much of a cushion as the budget process will allow. Same for critical facilities; if we can financially make it work to make something redundant, I do it. It’d be great if this was more formally planned out and not a case of me stashing away a cache of saline solution when I can, but you deal with the reality you have and not the reality you wish you had.
This is all a response to that damn derailment, of course. God, that was a mess. I was new to this position then, still trying to clean up the disaster I’d stepped into. My predecessor, well, Ed Murphy was a great golfer but not much of a long-term thinker. Across the board, we had enough supplies for the next week’s normal operations and nothing more. Ed had read some book about just-in-time inventory and was all excited about how efficient that could make us. And that kind of efficiency’s great if you’re running an assembly line, but it doesn’t work so well if you have a hospital and something unexpected comes up, like an oil train jumping the tracks and blowing up.
I’d just started to build up some surplus supplies when that happened, nowhere near enough. We burned through supplies at a terrifying rate that night. Especially bandages and blood plasma. It didn’t help that the floor staff were just running around like crazy trying to treat people as they came in, not putting any thought into prioritizing who got what. I’m not blaming them, they were doing the best they could in a tough situation. But it meant that we were out of plasma for a while until Jackie Gifford from Fargo Methodist drove in with a truckload of replacements for us. It was like that all night, making frantic calls to hospitals and agencies all over the area, trying to get supplies. And keeping an eye on the fuel situation for the hospital generator, since the fire took out power for half the town.
God, what a mess. Took us six months to clean all that up. So disaster planning? Yeah, I’m all for it.
Staff Interviews
Meet with Jennifer to report your findings.
JENNIFER PAULSON
ADMINISTRATOR, VALLEY CITY HOSPITAL
Thanks for talking to everyone! I bet you heard a lot.
I’d like you to take some time to sit and think about what you’ve heard and seen, and try to knit it all together into some overall conclusions that we can use to work up a plan to be ready for the next disaster.
Ultimately, I’d like you to be able to present a compelling case to community stakeholders (mayor and city disaster relief team) to obtain their approval and support for the proposed disaster recovery plan. I’d like you to use MAP-IT, and work up an approach supported by Healthy People 2020, and put it all into a PowerPoint. We’ll save the PowerPoint deck and the audio of its accompanying presentation at the public library so that the public can access it and see that we’re serious. Ideally, I’d like this to be used as

My notes:I am looking for a phd writer in law who has an experience in dissertation.. Please if you have not written a PhD paper before please do not accept this prder.I am studying phd in law and my research topic is mechanism to combat Maritime terrorism in international law and Saudi Arabia.I wrote a research proposal and my supervisor said (your proposal that you wrote, is perhaps a little bit descriptive, and I wanted to make it a bit more theoretical and analytical side put forward the idea to you of the idea of a multiplicity of risks)So I have a lot of points that you have to follow.so if you follow them and write the paper as theoretical and analytical, I will ask you to complete all chapters, however, if you do not follow the structures, I am sorry I will request a refund.so I will have a meeting with my supervisor soon and he will ask me to extend my research proposal and make it a chapter for the first six months. so first he asked me to write the definition and the background of my research as a PhD dissertation and academic.Please if you do not understand any point, let me know, do not write something you do not understand. I will check my points if you follow them or not so please make sure you understand that.first, I want to write 5 pages then I will ask you to write more but first I want to see if you understand to write a PhD dissertation i maritime terrorism Please write the paper as an international student.Please read the transfer report on pages 18 to 23. his research about terrorism in financing but I want you to see how he wrote the paper and add a citation in each sentence, so you have to write a citation in each sentenceAlso, look at the file name Kandlar page 9 TO 123.2.1 Defining Terrorism to get an idea and help you to write the paper. but do not use KANDLR as a citation.I would like you to write 5 pagesfor the definition of maritime terrorism, the background, the conventions, Please you must read the file name the transfer report page 18 to 23. The student writes each sentence with a source so I must have a source in each sentence.If you are a phd writer, I expect you to know how to be synthesizing, critically thinking, and analyzing the sources. So please if you do not have an experience do not accept it.I need you to read the file name (transfer report) from page 18 (5.2.1 Definition of Terrorism) to 23(The phenomenon of Terrorism)My supervisor required the OSCOLA referencing style. So, you must use this style. If you do not have experience, please do not accept this order because my supervisor is so strict with this style, and he always got mad if the referencing is not correct.I hope you use MENDELEY or Zotero or Endnote. I will send you the referencing style but if you have not done it before, please do not accept it I want you to send me a separate file with pages you cited so I can locate the sources and discuss with my supervisor. For exampleYou can send me likeFirst source: page 7 in paragraph 3Second source: page 5 paragraph 2It’s so important to know the page you cited. It’s a phd so I need to know the page number and the paragraph please.I know I have a lot of instructors, but this will be one time then you will understand my points, it ask you to complete the thesis.I want to make my paper similar but not the same. What I mean is the student talked first in page 19 aboutlack of definitionThenThe term ‘terrorismThenFrench revolutionThenHistory of definition like By the mid-19th centuryThenThen problem with the definition in international lawThen The reason for that is that a comprehensive definitionThen the cause of not having defntitonthen Saudi definitionthen UK defitnioh so I want to make it similar but not the same his sources. I have my sources so please use all the sources below-Do not use any references from the student.Important: I organized the sentences as in order.so if you think some sentences are not related, you can change the order of the sentences.If you find a source that connect with another sentence that’s ok as lon as the source an academic source from UK or USA.-Do not use the same source more than 2 I need as many sources.-I expect you to use all the sources I provided below -If you see duplicates source and the same idea, please use one do not duplicate the sentence with the same idea-Please not plagiarisms. My supervisor is so strict, and he found a plagiarism before with a student so please I do not need any treble.My sources:Open file name sea and see the sentence belowMaritime terrorism is a politically motivated crime launched by sea. It is sometimesconsidered as an act of warOpen file name piracy page 24 6.1 Maritime TerrorismYou will see this sentence so cite it.Just as there is no authoritative definition of terrorism as such, ‘maritime terrorism’is hard to define.Also you will see this sentenceLuck of defntitonthen open the link and can say in the 5th pargraphhttps://www.ejiltalk.org/international-law-and-maritime-terrorism/the legal definition of international/maritime terrorism is not yet consolidated in international law.then open the file name sea page 2 and you will see this sentenceAs with maritime security, the term ‘maritime terrorism’ doesn’t have an internationally agreed definition.Open file name Jason Power page 5 and 6.The definition of terrorism changes depending upon who is defining it.Overall, the problem with defining terrorism is that to some,these terrorists are heroes for a cause, while to others they are arguably nothingmore than villains inflicting terror for political motiveMany terrorist cells act for a religious purpose, which makes them similar to freedom fighters, thus giving them an almostheroic quality.Open file piracy page 24 second pargraphThe prefix ‘maritime’ also raisesdefinitional questions, as there simply are no exclusively maritime insurgencies forthe simple reason that the oceans are uninhabited.Then open the linkhttps://www.orfonline.org/research/maritime-terrorism-in-asia-an-assessment-56581/#_edn11terrorism has a political dimension, with objectives that are primarily ideological. In this telling, a violent incident at sea can only be deemed to be an act of ‘terrorism’ if its ideological and political motives are clear.The history of the definition (France)Open the link and put the word terorsim comes form . you will see the pargraph below In 8pargraphhttps://www.pogo.org/investigation/2015/02/brief-history-of-terrorism/Nationalists and AnarchistsThe English word ‘terrorism’ comes from the regime de la terreur that prevailed in France from 1793-1794.Open file name history page 9You will see this pargraphTo understand terrorism, first we must try to define the complex concept. Historically, the term terrorism derived from the Latin word terrere, meaning, “to cause to tremble”. Throughout the centuries, the term has been linked mostly with politics and clashing political views. For example, in the 18th century, the French masses rose against the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette for their decadence during a fiscal crisis. The commoners wanted their government to change; therefore they filled the streets with their presence and stormed the Bastille to regain control; thus leading to the French Revolution. This example of “terrorism” seems completely justified: the rulers of a broke country pampered themselves in luxury, while they ignored the needs of the masses. Today, the definition of the word has taken somewhat of a dramatic turnOpen the link and you will see this paragraphhttps://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hoffman-terrorism.html?_r=2&oref=login&oref=sloginYou will see this paragraph so add one sentence and you can say historically the word ….The word `terrorism’ was first popularized during the French Revolution. In contrast to its contemporary usage, at that time terrorism had a decidedly positive connotation.(Terrorism: A system of terror. 1. Government by intimidation as directed and carried out by the party in power in France during the revolution of 1789-94; the system of `Terror’. 2. gen. A policy intended to strike with terror those against whom it is adopted; the employment of methods of intimidation; the fact of terrorizing or condition of being terrorized.)(Terrorism: A system of terror. 1. Government by intimidation as directed and carried out by the party in power in France during the revolution of 1789-94; the system of `Terror’. 2. gen. A policy intended to strike with terror those against whom it is adopted; the employment of methods of intimidation; the fact of terrorizing or condition of being terrorized.)Then open file name France 1 page 4 last paragraph. Add the oxford definitions for terrorismthe 1790s, the Oxford English Dictionarygives two definitions for terrorism: (1) ‘‘government by intimidation as directedand carried out by the party in power in France during the Revolution of 1789–94 . . . ’’and (2) ‘‘policy intended to strike with terror those against whom it is adopted.’’ Bothdefinitions point to the asymmetrical deployment of threats and violence against enemiesoutside the forms of political struggle routinely operating within the current regime.The word terror itself entered the West’s political vocabulary as a name for Frenchrevolutionaries’ actions against their domestic enemies in 1793 and 1794. It referred togovernmental repression, most directly in the form of executions. Aboutthen open file name France 2 page 1 and add one sentence and make it connected to the other. You will see this sentencewhat he meant by ‘terror’. It was not a political programme or an ideology, but a means to an end: the triumph of republican democracy over its many enemies.Important: I organized the sentences as in order. You might change the order of the sentences to be connected. With coherences when you write. For example, you might write this sentence before this source. I want to make the sentences as synthesizingThen open the file name history 2 and you will see highlighted on page 9 .You can say the sentence below. please write sentence. You can say however, the terror word came before France revolutionHistorians of terrorism may point out that the word “terror” applies to the state terror of the French Revolution, but they often neglect to add that, to varying degrees, the phenomenon was a constant of earlier eras and has also been prevalent ever since. Indeed, terrorism, the principal aim of which is to terrorize, is a historically far broader phenomenonthan suggested by the term’s current usage.Open the file name chalk page 41 from above or 19)You will seeHistorically, the world’s oceans have not been a major locus of terroristactivity. Indeed, according to the RAND Terrorism Database, strikeson maritime targets and assets have constituted only two percent ofall international incidents over the last 30 years.Open this link and talk one sentec in the 1900https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hoffman-terrorism.html?_r=2&oref=login&oref=sloginyou will see many sentence for exampleAnd In the early 1990s the meaning and usage of the term `terrorism’ were further blurred by the emergence of two new buzzwords: `narco-terrorism’ and the so-called `gray area phenomenon’late twentieth centuryhttps://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hoffman-terrorism.html?_r=2&oref=login&oref=sloginanother grossly over-used term that has similarly become an indispensable part of the argot of the late twentieth century — most people have a vague idea or impression of what terrorism is, but lack a more precise, concrete and truly explanatory definition of the word.Open file name sea page 2 you will see the pargrpah below. please put it in appropriate place.The evidence shows that, in recent years, maritime terrorism has become terrorists’ new focus. This is partly dueto the fact that international commercial ships and other maritime infrastructures, such as mega ports andoffshore oil and gas rigs, appear to be soft targets for maritime terrorism. Maritime terrorists target maritimeinfrastructures with the goal of causing significant damage to human life and the environment, as well astriggering large financial losses. For example, blowing up an LNG ship, an oil tanker, a passenger ship or a megaport would have devastating effects on the maritime supply chain and on the economy; in extreme cases, therecould be huge loss of lifeOpen this link and you will see the sentence belowhttps://www.ejiltalk.org/international-law-and-maritime-terrorism/Yet, maritime terrorism has received limited attention, arguably because most terrorist attacks take place on land or aircrafts.Then open the file name Kandler page 11 you will see the pargraph below( my idea is the previous source is about there is no attention in martime terrorism then I would add the percentage is small only 0.2%Currently, terrorist attacks occurring at sea present only 0,2-2% of all violent acts committed by terrorists (within the last 30 years).32 According to the Global Terrorism Database, 314 incidents of maritime terrorism (in accordance with the working definition applied in this study) occurred between 1970 and 2014.33 But when analysing these data, one needs to bear in mind that incidents of terrorism are often not reported because they are either not newsworthy or successful, but would still cause higher costs for the operator due to delays or raising insurance rates.34Then open the file name sea page 2 the sentence belowMost terrorists do not have the necessary maritimeskills. Obtaining competency at sea, for example, is both expensive and time-consuming. These are some of the reasons why terrorists prefer land overseaOpen the file name piracy page 24 (6.1 Maritime Terrorism) second paragraph you will see the sentence so cite itas there simply are no exclusively maritime insurgencies for the simple reason that the oceans are uninhabited. What we are left with for possibleinclusion in the categories of maritime guerrilla warfare or terrorism are thus maritimeaspects or segments of rebellions which are primarily terrestrial.Even though maritime terrorism has so far been a very minor problem, one cannot completely discount the rather widespread fears of much worse to come.Also this might cite it in different place. If you think there is no connection in any place leave itThen open file name International Maritime Law page 47512.2.2 The international legal instruments to combat maritime terrorismAnd cite this sentenceAlthough the international concern for the security of ships, cargoes, passengers,and crews had been growing steadily over the past several years, it was the AchilleLauro13 incident which awakened the maritimeAlthough the international concern for the security of ships, cargoes, passengers,and crews had been growing steadily over the past several years, it was the AchilleLauro13 incident which awakened the maritime community to the real threat orimpact that terrorism could pose to the industry.Most‘nightmare scenarios’ envisage a use of ships as floating bombs or as delivery vehiclesfor explosive devices, perhaps even nuclear ones; or attacks against passenger ships,such as a ferry or cruise ship, that are simply intended to cause a maximum of fatalities;or the sinking of ships in order to produce a maximum of economic damage, forinstance, by blocking congested and narrow waterways such as the Malacca Straitsor the Suez Canal. One might also envisage attacks intended to cause environmentalthen open the file Catherine Zara Raymond and add the sentence belowPotential Consequences of a Maritime Terrorist AttackTerrorist attacks are by definition very difficult to predict and the scale of any suchattack will vary considerably from case to case. While the human costs are likely tobe low, unless the attack is carried out against a ferry or cruise ship, the economicimpact is likely to be much greater.Open the file Juan Pablo Pérez-León-Acevedo1 page 3 and you will see this sentenceAlthough there have been so far only a few maritime terrorist incidents, theirnumber may increase depending on how Al-Qaida, the Islamic State and/or otherinternational terrorist groups growopen the link and you will seehttps://ourworldindata.org/terrorismIn this chart we see the number of deaths from terrorism by region in 2017. Of the 26,445 global deaths from terrorism included in the Global Terrorism Database, 95% occurred in the Middle East, Africa or South Asia. Less than 2% of deaths were in Europe, the Americas and Oceania combined. The Middle East and North Africa had by far the largest number of deaths in 2017; but not all countries were affected.then open the linkhttps://dema.az.gov/sites/default/files/Publications/AR-Terrorism%20Definitions-BORUNDA.pdfThe difficulty in defining “terrorism” is in agreeing on a basis for determining when the use of violenceThen open the link and you will see the definitionhttps://www.aspis-superyachts.com/maritime-security/maritime-terrorism-history-typology-and-contemporary-threats.htmlThen you can put howevwe,The European Commission Joint Communication to the European parliament and the Council entitled “For an Open and Secure Global Maritime Domain: Elements for a European Union Maritime Security Strategy”, defines maritime terrorism as “any violent act with political ends against ships, cargo and passengers, ports and port facilities and critical maritime infrastructure”.Then Open the file name (Maritime Terrorism_ Risk and Liability in page 41you will see definition by (CSCAP) So please cite it.Then open the linkhttps://www.orfonline.org/research/maritime-terrorism-in-asia-an-assessment-56581/#_edn11however, sees the phenomenon as “any premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets at sea by sub-national groups or clandestine agents”.[12]As many see it, terrorism has a political dimension, with objectives that are primarily ideological. In this telling, a violent incident at sea can only be deemed to be an act of ‘terrorism’ if its ideological and political motives are clear.[then open file name maritime terrorism page 9Yet despite the breadth of this definition, the world’s oceanshave not historically been a major locus of terrorist activity. Indeed,according to the RAND Terrorism Database, seaborne strikes haveconstituted only 2 percent of all international incidents over the last30 years. What explains the apparent contradiction between currentconcerns regarding maritime terrorism and existing evidence of terroristLack of defitntionOpen the file name USA page 4 and you will see the sentence belowthe UN has, for the moment,resigned itself to the fact that it is impossible to reach agreement on acommon definition.”,The lack of definitionThen cite the auother name Walker clive. I will send you the page of his book.in reality a generic definition of terrorism exists neither in treaty law nor in customary international law.23Difficulty with defirntion in international lawhttps://dema.az.gov/sites/default/files/Publications/AR-Terrorism%20Definitions-BORUNDA.pdfopen file name international maritime law page 475 and you will see the sentence highlightedThere are no provisions in UNCLOS that deal directly with maritime terrorism.Then open the file name UN General Assembly, Human Rights Council And you will see the paragraph below so cite it as a confirmation what Clive walker said I. Defining Terrorism: An Overview3. Despite the pressing need for a universally accepted definition of terrorism, and the significant impact that this would have on current and future anti-terrorism efforts, the term has become politically and emotionally charged and consequently, there is no universal agreement on what it entails.Cause if not finding defitnionEffect of not having defntionDefinition of SaudiOpen the link and you will see the deifntionhttps://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2014-02-04/saudi-arabia-new-terrorism-law-in-effect/Critizing of saudiOpen the link and you will seehttps://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21585&LangID=Eyou will seeThe Special Rapporteur on human rights and counter-terrorism, Ben Emmerson, says Saudi laws on terrorism do not comply with international standards. He urged an end to the prosecution of people including human rights defenders, writers and bloggers simply for expressing non-violent views.“Despite many positive developments, I am concerned about the unacceptably broad definition of terrorism and the use of Saudi Arabia’s 2014 counter-terrorism law and other national security provisions against human rights defenders, writers, bloggers, journalists and other peaceful critics,” said Mr. Emmerson in a statement marking the end of a five-day mission to the country.Definition of UShttps://dema.az.gov/sites/default/files/Publications/AR-Terrorism%20Definitions-BORUNDA.pdfthen open the file name (USA) and you will see this sentences as a comparative( I want to say the USA has many definition not one even they are one country they do not agree with a definition)found that practically every agency in theUnited States government with a counterterrorism mission uses a differentdefinition of terrorism.”8 To illustrate the point, hereUk defitnionhttps://dema.az.gov/sites/default/files/Publications/AR-Terrorism%20Definitions-BORUNDA.pdfplease open file name Clive. Open page 20 and 21.you will see the definition and Clive critize the deitnion so please cite what he said. Its important to mention his criticismHistory of maritime terrorismI need you first to read the file name (Catherine Zara Raymond) on Page 3 and 4 (Historical Context ) And make this section similar to it.so please read it carefully and make my paper similar to it but in different sources.please look at the sources below and use them all. You can choose each source with a different incident. But please organize them and write the incidents as in order.You can start by saying similar to this sentence and cite itOpen the file name chalk page 41 and you will see this sentecHistorically, the world’s oceans have not been a major locus of terroristactivityFile name Maritime Insurgency page 1 and you can start first to talk about the piracy.file name (Catherine Zara Raymond) page3 and 4 File name Terrorism and Political Violence page 2 I highlighted the paragraphfile name Maritime Terrorism Risk and Liability Page 51 to 55 you will see a a table of the incidents of maritime terrorismfile name Bradford on page 9 and 10 abu syaffile name chalk page 42 and 43 from abovefile name To Catch a Pirate_ Analyzing Processes of Policy Making on Mariti page 27 and 28then united nation conventionsInternational conventionsPlease look at the transfer report page 32 (5.1.1 International level) and write similar to the style. You can see he put a citation in each sentence so I want to make it similar but of course different information.Please open the link and writehttps://www.un.org/counterterrorism/international-legal-instrumentsyou will see the paragraph brelow, so write one sentence like 19 international legal instruments and since 1963 and put the citationSince 1963, the international community has elaborated 19 international legal instruments to prevent terrorist acts. Those instruments were developed under the auspices of the United Nations and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and are open to participation by all Member States. Here is a summary of the 19 universal legal instruments and additional amendments dealing with terrorism. (For the full text of the documents click on the title)Then open the link and talk about the first convnetionSOLAShttps://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Safety-of-Life-at-Sea-(SOLAS),-1974.aspxTehn open the link and talk one sentence about ISPSShttps://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/SOLA…then Open file Maritime Terrorism Risk and Liability by Greenberg M.D., Chalk P., Willis H.H., Khilko I., Ortiz D.S. (z-lib.org) page 95 and you will see the reason of ISPSS( It came after 2011) the paragraph below cite it. So you can say furthermore, in 2011….. DO NOT FORGET TO CITE ITMaritime Security Regulations:In the wake of the September 11 attacks, both U.S. regulations andinternational maritime security conventions were strengthened to protectagainst potential terrorist threats. Related international rules wereestablished in December 2002 under the International Ship and PortFacility Security (ISPS) Code, as an amendment to the InternationalConvention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS).then UNCLOS 1982https://www.iucn.org/theme/marine-and-polar/our-work/international-ocean-governance/unclosthen openhttps://www.un.org/counterterrorism/international-legal-instrumentsThen go down you will see the convneiton for maritime navigationYou can see this convnetions in the file name international maritime law page 477 and 478 I hlighted themIn the aftermath of the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on 11September 2001, it had become clear that the shipping industry needed a new,more stringent, and more comprehensive set of measures to address the questionof maritime security.Furthermore, it was felt that the SUA Convention 1988 and the SUA Protocol1988 required a complete overhaul. Accordingly, the 2005 Protocol to theConvention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of MaritimeNavigation (SUA Convention 2005)22 and the 2005 Protocol to the 1988Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed PlatformsLocated on the Continental Shelf (SUA Protocol 2005),23 were adopted bythe IMO.The United Nations Secretary-General has reiterated that although there are anumber of global and regional instruments covering a wide range of terroristoffences, with specific regard to terrorist acts involving shipping, offshore installations,and other maritime interests it is only the SOLAS (more specifically the ISPSCode), the SUA Convention 1988, SUA Protocol 1988, SUA Convention 2005,and SUA Protocol 2005 that are applicable.24Instrument regarding the maritime navigation1988 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime NavigationPDFEstablishes a legal regime applicable to acts against international maritime navigation that is similar to the regimes established for international aviation; andMakes it an offence for a person unlawfully and intentionally to seize or exercise control over a ship by force, threat, or intimidation; to perform an act of violence against a person on board a ship if that act is likely to endanger the safe navigation of the ship; to place a destructive device or substance aboard a ship; and other acts against the safety of ships.2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime NavigationCriminalizes the use of a ship as a device to further an act of terrorism;Criminalizes the transport on board a ship various materials knowing that they are intended to be used to cause, or in a threat to cause, death or serious injury or damage to further an act of terrorism;Criminalizes the transporting on board a ship of persons who have committed an act of terrorism; andIntroduces procedures for governing the boarding of a ship believed to have committed an offence under the Convention.

Help me study for my Psychology class. I’m stuck and don’t understand.

Two part discussion One is the lead post which is my discussion about the topic and than a response post to another students discussion. I will provide you with the book and an article to write this discussion for the book it is going to be chapter 10. I will also provide the instructions and once you accept two examples from other students so you can reply to one of them. 
? Lead post:

Identify 3 key practices in this theory and explain them. Identify how these practices are drawing and implementing on which constructionist principles. Share your personal opinions and situate your position on these items.
How does this theory conceptualize the self? How does it conceptualize change?
In approximately 500 words, give an example of this theoretical orientation that you could apply to your current or prospective field of work and explore any limitations of this theoretical orientation (diversity, work setting, population). Feel free to use examples from personal world as well (family, friends, etc.), but please dis-identify and do not diagnose. 

? Response Post:
In approximately 300 words respond to another person in your group about their key points listed. What did you learn by reading their response? What did you find yourself agreeing with and disagreeing with about what they were emphasizing and drawing attention to? Pay particular attention to their application of the theory and share if it fits with your own understanding.
BOOK LINK:
https://we.tl/t-Um9wXFXiHN CHAPTER 10

Student 1

Three foundational tenets of narrative therapy are double-listening, scaffolding, and situating comments (Zamani, 2021).

When clients show up to therapy, they often start off explaining about a problem. A narrative therapist will listen to the client’s story but will also be tuning into the information that is absent but implicitly woven within the story (Zamani, 2021). This is the practice of double-listening. The goal is to pick out the pieces of the story that represent local knowledge the client might not readily identify as relevant or important. Narrative therapists believe these stories are integral to the client’s identity.

Narrative therapists use scaffolding techniques in order to meet the client where they’re at and then guide them to deeper understandings. Starting off with experience-near language enables the therapist and client to discuss desired outcomes. As they continue working together, the therapist will start integrating more abstract ideas that include identity construction and social influences. It is likely that folks come to therapy unfamiliar with narrative practices and scaffolding provides clients with the time, language, and overall conceptualization of how various socio-linguistic and cultural factors influence identity.

Situating comments stem from the understanding within narrative therapy that clients are the experts in their own lives. A way of minimizing a client’s “overprivileging” (Gehart, 2018) of the therapist’s comments, situating comments provide specific context emphasizing that it is just one opinion out of many. Providing this context is important for recognizing that information is not generated within a silo, but that socio-political, linguistic, cultural and many other factors influence its creation.

A key foundational tenet of narrative therapy overall is social constructionism, and the various practices listed above are directly drawing from constructionist principles. Narrative therapists believe that folks don’t have problems, but instead problems are thrust upon them when surrounding dominant discourses are in direct conflict with personal core beliefs. According to narrative therapy, dominant discourse is constantly playing a part in how people develop linguistically and socially. This influence can cause a disruption that leads folks to seek therapy. A therapist working within a narrative framework will utilize the tools in the subsequent paragraphs to help the client understand that the problem is separate from their personhood. Ways to mitigate the disruption include the client’s own understanding of how social forces play a part in how they understand, conceptualize, and story the problem. During the process, folks are encouraged to find local knowledge within their stories to redefine their meaning-making framework. This new perspective will hopefully provide them the opportunity to regain some balance in their lives.

There are many different practices within narrative therapy that I’m drawn to. I find a lot of value in honoring local knowledge, in requesting permission to dig deeper, and in sharing different ways of making meaning. The one nagging concern I have for narrative therapy is how the concepts of social construction translate linguistically and culturally to the folks I work with. A lot of the key practices in narrative rely on specific linguistic expressions like, “how do you make meaning of that experience?” or “how could you tame the problem” (Gehart, 2018, p. 437). However, I’m left wondering how to linguistically express the concepts of narrative therapy with folks who have been experiencing language deprivation throughout their lives. Something that I think will help is the concept of cultural democracy (Akinyela, 2014). Akinyela (2014) describes how metaphors found in narrative therapies might not hold meaning for folks of non-European descent. I think the same concept applies to folks who are not directly privy to incidental learning of dominant discourses. I think an important part of my work will be to respect the lived experiences of folks who don’t hear, and seek out local knowledge and practices from individuals who are part of the Deaf community.

This theory conceptualizes the self as having multiple identities that are influenced and shaped by dominant and local discourses. How someone stories their experiences is a result of how they interact with and perceive dominant discourses. Narrative therapists believe that there are multiple versions of the same story, and they work with clients to unravel additional strands of the story to identify additional, more useful meanings. In this way, they can increase the client’s sense of agency, and then support their discovery of ways they can control the trajectory of their lives. Change is conceptualized as a client using local knowledge to redefine what they want their lives to reflect instead of always falling into what dominant discourses define as “right” or “acceptable”.

I have been working with a student who has been talking a lot about their identity development as a mom who is Deaf and blind. This student and I work intimately together because of the nature of tactile communication, and I have been honored with her sharing of multiple stories. Recently, this student, we’ll call her Gabby, has been explaining how she doesn’t feel like a mother because her child doesn’t live with her. During one phone call, she described how she participated in Mommy and Me courses when her child was born, she created methods of taking care of him as a blind person that were “not normal” (her words), and how she would take him to daycare every day on public transport. As I write this retelling of her story, I recognize I am pulling out pieces that were more afterthoughts than parts of the story. As she cried telling me the story, she explained how she was regretful her child didn’t get a “normal” childhood and that she was questioning herself as a mother. From my perspective, she was using dominant ideas of “good” mothering as a mirror to reflect on her own experiences. I felt like this comparison was a big part of her distress and I asked if we could talk through some of her beliefs surrounding motherhood and family. She kindly agreed.

I asked if she could tell me about moments where she was felt like a good mom, and if she could describe why she thought they were good. She started talking about the moments described above and how important it was that her son was loved, cared for, and happy. Gabby described how even though she did things differently, she still was the one ensuring her son was safe and cared for. She explained how people at the day care center would ask her how she could take care of an infant as a person who was blind and Deaf. I asked her what her response was to them. She said that she always was proud to explain alternative methods for diaper changing or feeding. I then mentioned that those alternatives were probably not what dominant society would deem as “normal” but that they were exactly what she needed to do to care for her son. That was local knowledge that was incredibly valuable and should be honored.

Even though this was just a small part of a larger conversation, and I’m sure that there were more insightful and helpful things I could have said, I think that this was a moment where we co-edited her story to highlight instances of motherhood she didn’t find immediately recognizable. The conversation was incredibly meaningful to me and I hope we have more opportunities to re-story together.

Resources:

Akinyela, M. M. (2014). Narrative therapy and cultural democracy: A testimony view. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 35(1), 46-49. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261957872_Narrative_Therapy_and_Cultural_Democracy_A_Testimony_View (Links to an external site.)

Gehart, D. R. (2018). Chapter 10: Narrative and collaborative therapies. In Mastering competencies in family therapy: A practical approach to theories and clinical case documentation (pp. 427-448). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

student 2

Externalizing: I figured since the main technique of Narrative therapy was externalizing (according to Gehart (2018) anyways) it was one I needed to get down to allow for further understanding of the other practices. This idea was new and interesting to me. It was new to see the problem isn’t the person, that the problem is the problem. The actual linguistic tactics of it were what I found so intriguing about this concept. The idea that you create this alter-ego that is just the problem, and doing that by changing it from an adjective, to its own noun separate from the person was a new process for me. At first glance, this seemed a bit fluffy to me. Not the concept but the actual language of externalizing, of asking someone to “tell me the relationship they have with anxiety” that seemed just strange to me.
However strange and jarring I found the questions to be at times, I found that I agree with this view of people separate from their problems, a problem is not a whole person and is something separate to overcome, and even that is not the correct word. Perhaps to find a new relationship with, one that fits better with one’s preferred story. I love how this externalization reframes your mindset when looking at a problem and I like the attitude of externalizing.
I think another facet of this externalizing that threw me for a loop is it’s not a one-and-done type of technique. That it’s a process and takes time to learn to externalize the problem, that it is ongoing. You don’t walk into therapy and walk out a completely changed and resourceful externalizing person after day one. The idea that it takes time for clients to shift their perspective on themselves and the presenting problem, from having it, to seeing it as outside of themselves. The word choice of having a “relationship with depression” is strange to me. The idea that I don’t have anxiety, that I have a relationship with anxiety is strange to consider. But at the same time, I can think of a group of clients that this would absolutely work well for, but I will wait to discuss that a bit below.
I think the idea of “sides” of ourselves where the problem exists reminds me of Psychosynthesis Theory where we have many subpersonalities and the goal is to try and bring them together in a balanced whole or self. In Psychosynthesis, you look at the strengths of each subpersonality to create resources, whereas here it’s just to move the problem further away from “the self” (Lombard, 2014).
I can see how this type of technique cannot be forced and must be introduced as a possibility and see how the client responds. It reminds me of when I was introduced to tapping and FLASH Therapy. At first, I was very put off by how different a technique it was but then I later saw the value (Gehart, 2018).
I also was attracted to the benefits of externalization. Decreasing conflict and blame, undermining a sense of failure, and showing when there were alternative times where the client had an influence over this challenge or problem that they are facing. Identifying new avenues for reducing the troubles the problem can bring. I saw so many positives that I really was vibing with.
Adding just a bit more of my exploration with externalizing (there is so much and I feel like there could be a whole chapter or book on externalizing alone) I was very drawn to the metaphors used to externalize. This was interesting to me because a friend of mine visited me after we all were vaccinated and she, myself, and my girlfriend are all third culture kids, but they (herself and my girlfriend) are bilingual. They got into a long discussion about how direct and unimaginative music in English was, whereas in Russian and Vietnamese they use metaphors for everything to explain how they feel. This was also a new concept to me and it seems to fit very well with the idea of externalizing metaphors for relating to the problems. A few that caught my attention from the book were: walking out on the problem, going on strike against, defying, recovering, or reclaiming territory from the problem (this will also come into play with my fictional character), taming, and harnessing. These terms all seemed to ignite a passion in me to read them and feel in a space of strong support. Like a strong independent woman walking out on her problem? Like YAS honey! You don’t need it to sustain you anymore (sounds like I am sliding into a different theory here but bear with me)! And reclaiming territory, that within your story, you are the most important author and choose which points matter and which narrative is preferred. It got me pumped up, to say the least (Gehart, 2018).
The constructionist piece with Externalizing seems to clearly be language constructing reality. That by a simple shift from the problem turning from being an adjective to a noun, there is now a new sense of possibility and agency (Zamani, 2021).

Separating the person from the problem.
“When anger takes over”
Problem Deconstruction (investigative reporter)
I love the Problem Deconstruction from the social constructionist point of view. With this technique, the therapists are using deconstructive listening to help clients trace and locate the effects of dominant discourses and empower clients to make choices about which discourses they let affect their lives. I liked how Gehart (2018) referred to this as investigative reporting.
The therapist listens for “gaps” in client’s understanding of the problem and asks them to fill in details. Helping clients unpack their stories to see how they have been created and constructed, finding influences of dominant and alternative discourses throughout. These questions target problematic thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and attitudes by asking clients to think through: history, context, effect, interrelationships, and strategies. What is the history they have with the problem, what contexts influence the problem, belief, feeling etc? When is it most likely to happen? The effects of the problem, what has it done to your relationships? The interrelationships with other beliefs, thoughts, feelings, etc. Are there problems that feed this problem or make it more difficult (this felt a bit like inception)? Then finally strategies used by the problem, how does it influence you? (Gehart, 2018).
Again I am feeling like this relates the most to the constructionist principle or language constructing reality and determining what possibilities and choices are available to a person.
The Constructionist pieces here are discourse, context, identities, and I even see dominant vs local knowledge when looking at alternative narratives and which to accept. Discourse, context, and identities I see when we are looking at the narratives and what influences them, from many different angles and perspectives (Zamani, 2020).
Mapping the Influence of the Problem (and the influence of the person)
I thought mapping to be an interesting and new intervention as well. The idea of expanding the reach of thought of a problem to other people in the client’s life. Asking how the problem has been affecting the lives of the clients’ friends, family, and significant others moves the problem from just an internal dialogue to a relational one. I do however see the importance of once you start mapping the influence of the problem making sure to map the influence of the person, so the client feels a sense of their own agency in changing their story and finding hope. Maybe someone can help me out here? I guess I can see it from the point of view of separating the person from the problem and if we map the influence of the problem we should also map the influence of the person as they are two separate entities (Gehart, 2018).
Gehart (2018) discusses how mapping the influence of the problem questions look at how the problem has affected a variety of areas in the client’s life. Their physical, emotional, and relational health. How has this problem affected their close relationships, how has it affected others they interact with?
The mapping of the influence of the Person I think is actually quite powerful. It starts with externalizing. Flipping the script and looking at how the person has affected the “life of the problem”. Questions like, “When have the people involved kept the problem from interrupting an event or an area in their lives?”, “When were they able to keep the problem from taking over when it was showing up?” (Gehart, 2018).
Constructionist principles would be discourse about the person’s influence, what other personal factors are at place and affecting the story. I could also see context here as well as agency and change. I think that when you map the person’s influence they can start to see they have a part in shaping the narrative and are able to decide which way their story goes next, or how complex and “thick” their story really is (Zamani, 2020).
How does this theory conceptualize the self? How does it conceptualize change?
The conceptualization of the Self, I had a few thoughts. One, the person is their own being and not “a problem”. There is a “self” a true self that comes through in the narrative (changes based on context/ which narrative we are discussing), though there are multiple narratives therefore multiple valid alternative identities. I would assume in the context of autonomous, relational and narrative self that here we are discussing the the narrative self. Also, the way identity is constructed in stories is where the self is located, or so I thought I understood from the lecture (Zamani, 2021).
For Facilitating Change, Narrative therapists are looking at transformative interpersonal patterns (TIPS), using questions and teqniques to separate the client from the problem and the things that support the problem, like mapping in the landscape of action and consciousness, deconstructive questioning, and scaffolding. For all of these, therapists begin by exploring PIPs and SCIPs and then creating space in language where the client can envision a different narrative and identity (Gehart, 2018).
In reading Spitting Truth from My Soul (Heath, 2015) I was really struck by a few things that I related to in narrative and that I wanted to try myself. It was great to read a session and see how personalized narrative can be. That the therapist first took the time to connect with the client on a human level and see what they were doing and what they liked. And that little act of trying to connect and understand someone became such a monumental way forward in communicating and building a path of trust and collaborative in therapy. I have often tried to explain to friends, relatives, and my girlfriend what I feel when I hear rap and really listen for the lyrics. I hear empowerment, I feel strong when I rap a song, such as WAP by Cardi B and Megan the Stallion. I could easily relate to where the client and therapist landed on rap being a philosophical string of words of wisdom. This gave me ideas for my final client in this class. Where to even start with them and building that trust and communication. Understanding it doesn’t always happen on day one but that you can shock the client out of the “routine” of what they think therapy is (this reminded me of EFT a little). I love that. This was a powerful article. I also love the permission questions and asking for permission and really valuing the local knowledge and language of the client and showing them that respect.

I guess as this is the theory I think I want to use for the final paper in this class, I wanted to start to dive in here. So one area I want to focus on in the future is international student support, but another area that I have a passion for is celebrities’s being denied empathy and treated as not even human. I did my research methods paper on this Empathy: Denied topic. Since I will be counseling my book character Regina, I imagine that Narrative Therapy will be very helpful with her experiencing a relationship with fame and celebrity. I know I want to help her find her own narrative and story apart from the dominant narratives about herself that she is fed by the media and by fans. In looking at this goal (I know narrative doesn’t really have “goals”) there was a lot I saw in SFT that would be helpful as well as Narrative. But for picking just one, I think we have to start with externalizing before we can get to deconstructing the problem or mapping the influence of the problem or the person. I think my character has so much she has taken on as her “problems” and what she believes are flaws within herself. I would start with meeting her apart from the problem. Getting to know Regina. What does she like to do outside of work? What does she do for work? When does she feel the most fulfilled? Does she have any pets, what music does she listen to, etc.? The idea that there are times without the problem and it doesn’t always exist and therefore is not within her, are very strong Ideas I want to help her build. That she has a relationship with fame and celebrity, sometimes that is good and sometimes it is not. But that is also not who Regina is, that fame or celebrity are nouns and external from Regina. And our focus is on alternative stories and which is the preferred narrative of Regina’s identity. “Who do you want Regina to be?”

More questions might be, “Regina, I would like to ask you a few questions about your work and the impact that has on your life and your relationships. Would that be alright?”

And if she says yes.

“Great, thank you so much for being open to discussing those areas of your life today. Can you please tell me a little more about your relationship with fame and celebrity?”

I feel like I might have bitten off a little more than I can chew in my final client, but I am really excited about this project. I like the idea of working with that cognitive dissonance of when a personal story does not align with the dominant narrative within their culture. I like the idea that therapists are “question smiths”, inviting other things to consider (Zamani, 2021). I love that the main focus of Narrative is identity, that that we are giving back power to our clients. To engender hope that the story is one of always becoming and that the client is in charge of what dominant or alternative discourses they want to ascribe to. And it really gives my brain some gymnastics to try and go from the outside in, instead of the inside out. The world and context has more influence than we think and that gets lost a lot of the time (Zamani, 2021).

References
Gehart, D. R. (2018). Mastering competencies in family therapy: A practical approach to theory and clinical case documentation. Cengage Learning.

Heath, T., & Arroyo, P. (2015). Spitting truth from my soul: A case story of rapping, probation, and the narrative practices. Part I. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 34(3), 77-90.

Lombard, C. A. (2014). Coping with anxiety and rebuilding identity: A psychosynthesis approach to culture shock. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 27(2), 174-199.

GoalOpinion/AssertionPostRead the criticism in this module [below], entitled, “G.K. Chesterton Criticism: A Midsummer Night’s Dream” and share your ideas about the criticism in a discussion post (you MUST quote the passage). The post is meant to be a response specifically to THIS CRITICISM. So write at least three full paragraphs [or more if you wish] on this criticism [in relation to the play] for the full 20 points.GradingClick on the rubric to see how the discussion will be graded.A Midsummer Night’s Dreamhttps://www.chesterton.org/midsummer-nights-dream/ (Links to an external site.)The greatest of Shakespeare’s comedies, in Chesterton’s opinionThe greatest of Shakespeare’s comedies is also, from a certain point of view, the greatest of his plays. No one would maintain that it occupied this position in the matter of psychological study if by psychological study we mean the study of individual characters in a play. No one would maintain that Puck was a character in the sense that Falstaff is a character, or that the critic stood awed before the psychology of Peaseblossom. But there is a sense in which the play is perhaps a greater triumph of psychology than Hamlet itself. It may well be questioned whether in any other literary work in the world is so vividly rendered a social and spiritual atmosphere. There is an atmosphere in Hamlet, for instance, a somewhat murky and even melodramatic one, but it is subordinate to the great character, and morally inferior to him; the darkness is only a background for the isolated star of intellect. But A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a psychological study, not of a solitary man, but of a spirit that unites mankind. The six men may sit talking in an inn; they may not know each other’s names or see each other’s faces before or after, but night or wine or great stories, or some rich and branching discussion may make them all at one, if not absolutely with each other, at least with that invisible seventh man who is the harmony of all of them. That seventh man is the hero of A Midsummer Night’s Dream.A study of the play from a literary or philosophical point of view must therefore be founded upon some serious realisation of what this atmosphere is. In a lecture upon As You Like It, Mr. Bernard Shaw made a suggestion which is an admirable example of his amazing ingenuity and of his one most interesting limitation. In maintaining that the light sentiment and optimism of the comedy were regarded by Shakespeare merely as the characteristics of a more or less cynical pot-boiler, he actually suggested that the title “As You Like It” was a taunting address to the public in disparagement of their taste and the dramatist’s own work. If Mr. Bernard Shaw had conceived of Shakespeare as insisting that Ben Jonson should wear Jaeger underclothing or join the Blue Ribbon Army, or distribute little pamphlets for the non-payment of rates, he could scarcely have conceived anything more violently opposed to the whole spirit of Elizabethan comedy than the spiteful and priggish modernism of such a taunt. Shakespeare might make the fastidious and cultivated Hamlet, moving in his own melancholy and purely mental world, warn players against an over-indulgence towards the rabble. But the very soul and meaning of the great comedies is that of an uproarious communion between the public and the play, a communion so chaotic that whole scenes of silliness and violence lead us almost to think that some of the “rowdies” from the pit have climbed over the footlights. The title “As you Like It”, is, of course, an expression of utter carelessness, but it is not the bitter carelessness which Mr. Bernard Shaw fantastically reads into it; it is the god-like and inexhaustible carelessness of a happy man. And the simple proof of this is that there are scores of these genially taunting titles scattered through the whole of Elizabethan comedy. Is “As You Like It” a title demanding a dark and ironic explanation in a school of comedy which called its plays “What You Will”, “A Mad World, My Masters”, “If It Be Not Good, the Devil Is In It”, “The Devil is an Ass”, “An Humorous Day’s Mirth”, and “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”? Every one of these titles is flung at the head of the public as a drunken lord might fling a purse at his footman. Would Mr. Shaw maintain that “If It Be Not Good, the Devil Is In It”, was the opposite of “As You Like It”, and was a solemn invocation of the supernatural powers to testify to the care and perfection of the literary workmanship? The one explanation is as Elizabethan as the other.Now in the reason for this modern and pedantic error lies the whole secret and difficulty of such plays as A Midsummer Night’s Dream. The sentiment of such a play, so far as it can be summed up at all, can be summed up in one sentence. It is the mysticism of happiness. That is to say, it is the conception that as man lives upon a borderland he may find himself in the spiritual or supernatural atmosphere, not only through being profoundly sad or meditative, but by being extravagantly happy. The soul might be rapt out of the body in an agony of sorrow, or a trance of ecstasy; but it might also be rapt out of the body in a paroxysm of laughter. Sorrow we know can go beyond itself; so, according to Shakespeare, can pleasure go beyond itself and become something dangerous and unknown. And the reason that the logical and destructive modern school, of which Mr. Bernard Shaw is an example, does not grasp this purely exuberant nature of the comedies is simply that their logical and destructive attitude have rendered impossible the very experience of this preternatural exuberance. We cannot realise As You Like It if we are always considering it as we understand it. We cannot have A Midsummer Night’s Dream if our one object in life is to keep ourselves awake with the black coffee of criticism. The whole question which is balanced, and balanced nobly and fairly, in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, is whether the life of waking, or the life of the vision, is the real life, the sine qua non of man. But it is difficult to see what superiority for the purpose of judging is possessed by people whose pride it is not to live the life of vision at all. At least it is questionable whether the Elizabethan did not know more about both worlds than the modern intellectual; it is not altogether improbable that Shakespeare would not only have had a clearer vision of the fairies, but would have shot very much straighter at a deer and netted much more money for his performances than a member of the Stage Society.In pure poetry and the intoxication of words, Shakespeare never rose higher than he rises in this play. But in spite of this fact, the supreme literary merit of A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a merit of design. The amazing symmetry, the amazing artistic and moral beauty of that design, can be stated very briefly. The story opens in the sane and common world with the pleasant seriousness of very young lovers and very young friends. Then, as the figures advance into the tangled wood of young troubles and stolen happiness, a change and bewilderment begins to fall on them. They lose their way and their wits for they are in the heart of fairyland. Their words, their hungers, their very figures grow more and more dim and fantastic, like dreams within dreams, in the supernatural mist of Puck. Then the dream-fumes begin to clear, and characters and spectators begin to awaken together to the noise of horns and dogs and the clean and bracing morning. Theseus, the incarnation of a happy and generous rationalism, expounds in hackneyed and superb lines the sane view of such psychic experiences, pointing out with a reverent and sympathetic scepticism that all these fairies and spells are themselves but the emanations, the unconscious masterpieces, of man himself. The whole company falls back into a splendid human laughter. There is a rush for banqueting and private theatricals, and over all these things ripples one of those frivolous and inspired conversations in which every good saying seems to die in giving birth to another. If ever the son of a man in his wanderings was at home and drinking by the fireside, he is at home in the house of Theseus. All the dreams have been forgotten, as a melancholy dream remembered throughout the morning might be forgotten in the human certainty of any other triumphant evening party; and so the play seems naturally ended. It began on the earth and it ends on the earth. Thus to round off the whole midsummer night’s dream in an eclipse of daylight is an effect of genius. But of this comedy, as I have said, the mark is that genius goes beyond itself; and one touch is added which makes the play colossal. Theseus and his train retire with a crashing finale, full of humour and wisdom and things set right, and silence falls on the house. Then there comes a faint sound of little feet, and for a moment, as it were, the elves look into the house, asking which is the reality. “Suppose we are the realities and they the shadows.” If that ending were acted properly any modern man would feel shaken to his marrow if he had to walk home from the theatre through a country lane.It is a trite matter, of course, though in a general criticism a more or less indispensable one to comment upon another point of artistic perfection, the extraordinarily human and accurate manner in which the play catches the atmosphere of a dream. The chase and tangle and frustration of the incidents and personalities are well known to every one who has dreamt of perpetually falling over precipices or perpetually missing trains. While following out clearly and legally the necessary narrative of the drama, the author contrives to include every one of the main peculiarities of the exasperating dream. Here is the pursuit of the man we cannot catch, the flight from the man we cannot see; here is the perpetual returning to the same place, here is the crazy alteration in the very objects of our desire, the substitution of one face for another face, the putting of the wrong souls in the wrong bodies, the fantastic disloyalties of the night, all this is as obvious as it is important. It is perhaps somewhat more -worth remarking that there is about this confusion of comedy yet another essential characteristic of dreams. A dream can commonly be described as possessing an utter discordance of incident combined with a curious unity of mood; everything changes but the dreamer. It may begin with anything and end with anything, but if the dreamer is sad at the end he will be sad as if by prescience at the beginning; if he is cheerful at the beginning he will be cheerful if the stars fall. A Midsummer Night’s Dream has in a most singular degree effected this difficult, this almost desperate subtlety. The events in the wandering wood are in themselves, and regarded as in broad daylight, not merely melancholy but bitterly cruel and ignominious. But yet by the spreading of an atmosphere as magic as the fog of Puck, Shakespeare contrives to make the whole matter mysteriously hilarious while it is palpably tragic, and mysteriously charitable, while it is in itself cynical. He contrives somehow to rob tragedy and treachery of their full sharpness, just as a toothache or a deadly danger from a tiger, or a precipice, is robbed of its sharpness in a pleasant dream. The creation of a brooding sentiment like this, a sentiment not merely independent of but actually opposed to the events, is a much greater triumph of art than the creation of the character of Othello.It is difficult to approach critically so great a figure as that of Bottom the Weaver. He is greater and more mysterious than Hamlet, because the interest of such men as Bottom consists of a rich subconsciousness, and that of Hamlet in the comparatively superficial matter of a rich consciousness. And it is especially difficult in the present age which has become hag-ridden with the mere intellect. We are the victims of a curious confusion whereby being great is supposed to have something to do with being clever, as if there were the smallest reason to suppose that Achilles was clever, as if there were not on the contrary a great deal of internal evidence to indicate that he was next door to a fool. Greatness is a certain indescribable but perfectly familiar and palpable quality of size in the personality, of steadfastness, of strong flavour, of easy and natural self-expression. Such a man is as firm as a tree and as unique as a rhinoceros, and he might quite easily be as stupid as either of them. Fully as much as the great poet towers above the small poet the great fool towers above the small fool. We have all of us known rustics like Bottom the Weaver, men whose faces would be blank with idiocy if we tried for -ten days to explain the meaning of the National Debt, but who are yet great men, akin to Sigurd and Hercules, heroes of the morning of the earth, because their words were their own words, their memories their own memories, and their vanity as large and simple as a great hill. We have all of us known friends in our own circle, men whom the intellectuals might justly describe as brainless, but whose presence in a room was like a fire roaring in the grate changing everything, lights and shadows and the air, whose entrances and exits were in some strange fashion events, whose point of view once expressed haunts and persuades the mind and almost intimidates it, whose manifest absurdity clings to the fancy like the beauty of first-love, and whose follies are recounted like the legends of a paladin. These ate great men, there are millions of them in the world, though very few perhaps in the House of Commons. It is not in the cold halls of cleverness where celebrities seem to be important that we should look for the great. An intellectual salon is merely a training-ground for one faculty, and is akin to a fencing class or a rifle corps. It is in our own homes and environments, from Croydon to St. John’s Wood, in old nurses, and gentlemen with hobbies, and talkative spinisters and vast incomparable butlers, that we may feel the presence of that blood of the gods. And this creature so hard to describe, so easy to remember, the august and memorable fool, has never been so sumptuously painted as in the Bottom of A Midsummer Night’s Dream.Bottom has the supreme mark of this real greatness in that like the true saint or the true hero he only differs from humanity in being as it were more human than humanity. It is not true, as the idle materialists of today suggest, that compared to the majority of men the hero appears cold and dehumanised; it is the majority who appear cold and dehumanised in the presence of greatness. Bottom, like Don Quixote and Uncle Toby and Mr. Richard Swiveller and the rest of the Titans, has a huge and unfathomable weakness, his silliness is on a great scale, and when he blows his own trumpet it is like the trumpet of the Resurrection. The other rustics in the play accept his leadership not merely naturally but exuberantly; they have to the full that primary and savage unselfishness, that uproarious abnegation which makes simple men take pleasure in falling short of a hero, that unquestionable element of basic human nature which has never been expressed, outside this play, so perfectly as in the incomparable chapter at the beginning of Evan Harrington in which the praises of The Great Mel are sung with a lyric energy by the tradesmen whom he has cheated. Twopenny sceptics write of the egoism of primal human nature; it is reserved for great men like Shakespeare and Meredith to detect and make vivid this rude and subconscious unselfishness which is older than self. They alone with their insatiable tolerance can perceive all the spiritual devotion in the soul of a snob.And it is this natural play between the rich simplicity of Bottom and the simple simplicity of his comrades which constitutes the unapproachable excellence of the farcical scenes in this play. Bottom’s sensibility to literature is perfectly fiery and genuine, a great deal more genuine than that of a great many cultivated critics of literature – “the raging rocks, and shivering shocks shall break the locks of prison gates, and Phibbus’ car shall shine from far, and make and mar the foolish fates”, is exceedingly good poetical diction with a real throb and swell in it, and if it is slightly and almost imperceptibly deficient in the matter of sense, it is certainly every bit as sensible as a good many other rhetorical speeches in Shakespeare put into the mouths of kings and lovers and even the spirits of the dead. If Bottom liked cant for its own sake the fact only constitutes another point of sympathy between him and his literary creator. But the style of the thing, though deliberately bombastic and ludicrous, is quite literary, the alliteration falls like wave upon wave, and the whole verse, like a billow mounts higher and higher before it crashes. There is nothing mean about this folly; nor is there in the whole realm of literature a figure so free from vulgarity. The man vitally base and foolish sings “The Honeysuckle and the Bee”; he does not rant about “raging rocks” and “the car of Phibbus”. Dickens, who more perhaps than any modern man had the mental hospitality and the thoughtless wisdom of Shakespeare, perceived and expressed admirably the same truth. He perceived, that is to say, that quite indefensible idiots have very often a real sense of, and enthusiasm for letters. Mr. Micawber loved eloquence and poetry with his whole immortal soul; words and visionary pictures kept him alive in the absence of food and money, as they might have kept a saint fasting in a desert. Dick Swiveller did not make his inimitable quotations from Moore and Byron merely as flippant digressions. He made them because he loved a great school of poetry. The sincere love of books has nothing to do with cleverness or stupidity any more than any other sincere love. It is a quality of character, a freshness, a power of pleasure, a power of faith. A silly person may delight in reading masterpieces just as a silly person may delight in picking flowers. A fool may be in love with a poet as he may be in love with a woman. And the triumph of Bottom is that he loves rhetoric and his own taste in the arts, and this is all that can be achieved by Theseus, or for the matter of that by Cosimo di Medici. It is worth remarking as an extremely fine touch in the picture of Bottom that his literary taste is almost everywhere concerned with sound rather than sense. He begins the rehearsal with a boisterous readiness, “Thisby, the flowers of odious savours sweete.” “Odours, odours,” says Quince, in remonstrance, and the word is accepted in accordance with the cold and heavy rules which require an element of meaning in a poetical passage. But “Thisby, the flowers of odious savours sweete”, Bottom’s version, is an immeasurably finer and more resonant line. The “i” which he inserts is an inspiration of metricism.There is another aspect of this great play which ought to be kept familiarly in the mind. Extravagant as is the masquerade of the story, it is a very perfect aesthetic harmony down to such as the name of Bottom, or the flower called Love in Idleness. In the whole matter it may be said that there is one accidental discord; that is in the name of Theseus, and the whole city of Athens in which the events take place. Shakespeare’s description of Athens in A Midsummer Night’s Dream is the best description of England that he or any one else ever wrote. Theseus is quite obviously only an English squire, fond of hunting, kindly to his tenants, hospitable with a certain flamboyant vanity. The mechanics are English mechanics, talking to each other with the queer formality of the poor. Above all, the fairies are English; to compare them with the beautiful patrician spirits of Irish legend, for instance, is suddenly to discover that we have, after all, a folk-lore and a mythology, or had it at least in Shakespeare’s day. Robin Goodfellow, upsetting the old women’s ale, or pulling the stool from under them, has nothing of the poignant Celtic beauty; his is the horse-play of the invisible world. Perhaps it is some debased inheritance of English life which makes American ghosts so fond of quite undignified practical jokes. But this union of mystery with farce is a note of the medieval English. The play is the last glimpse of Merrie England, that distant but shining and quite indubitable country. It would be difficult indeed to define wherein lay the peculiar truth of the phrase “merrie England”, though some conception of it is quite necessary to the comprehension of A Midsummer Night’s Dream. In some cases at least, it may be said to lie in this, that the English of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, unlike the England of today, could conceive of the idea of a merry supernaturalism. Amid all the great work of Puritanism the damning indictment of it consists in one fact, that there was one only of the fables of Christendom that it retained and renewed, and that was the belief in witchcraft. It cast away the generous and wholesome superstition, it approved only of the morbid and the dangerous. In their treatment of the great national fairy-tale of good and evil, the Puritans killed St. George but carefully preserved the Dragon, And this seventeenth-century tradition of dealing with the psychic life still lies like a great shadow over England and America, so that if we glance at a novel about occultism we may be perfectly certain that it deals with sad or evil destiny. Whatever else we expect we certainly should never expect to find in it spirits such as those in as inspirers of a tale of tomfoolery like the Wrong Box or The Londoners. That impossibility is the disappearance of “merrie England” and Robin Goodfellow. It was a land to us incredible, the land of a jolly occultism where the peasant cracked jokes with his patron saint, and only cursed the fairies good-humouredly, as he might curse a lazy servant. Shakespeare is English in everything, above all in his weaknesses. just as London, one of the greatest cities in the world, shows more slums and hides more beauties than any other, so Shakespeare alone among the four giants of poetry is a careless writer, and lets us come upon his splendours by accident, as we come upon an old City church in the twist of a city street. He is English in nothing so much as in that noble cosmopolitan unconsciousness which makes him look eastward with the eyes of a child towards Athens or Verona. He loved to talk of the glory of foreign lands, but he talked of them with the tongue and unquenchable spirit of England. It is too much the custom of a later patriotism to reverse this method and talk of England from morning till night, but to talk of her in a manner totally un-English. Casualness, incongruities, and a certain fine absence of mind are in the temper of England; the unconscious man with the ass’s head is no bad type of the people. Materialistic philosophers and mechanical politicians have certainly succeeded in some cases in giving him a greater unity. The only question is, to which animal has he been thus successfully conformed?

Research notes are a common strategy that help writers keep track of the best evidence that they’ve come across in their sources so they don’t have to keep revisiting their sources. There are many different ways you can take research notes. For this essay, we’re going to use the “Quote Bank” strategy. Quote banks are basically word documents that you use to save and organize cited quotes from your readings/sources. You’ll be using a template I’ve created for this assignment, but you can easily create your own templates for future essays as well.
Download the quote bank template on this page.

Copy and paste at least 4 relevant and specific/convincing quotes under each template heading. Make sure to:

“Put quotation marks around” and (cite) each entry, and
Use quotes from all 4 sources (3 assigned, and 1 found on your own).Include a signal phrase with each quote (examples on the quote bank documentInstructions: 1.Review your annotations of the 3 assigned
articles for Essay #2 and the 4th source you found through your own
research. 2.When
you find a quote that you think you could use in the essay, copy
and paste it under the appropriate heading below. a. put
quotation marks around the quote. b.Add
a citation at the end of the quote (that includes the author’s last name
and page numbers if there are any). c.
Finally,
add a signal phrase to introduce that quote. Samples in the box
below. 3. To
earn full credit, repeat this process until you have: a. At
least 4 cited quotes under each heading and b.
Quotes
from all 4 readings.

Sample
Signal Phrases:
Anderson
states, claims, emphasizes, explains, believes… “quote”
Malik concludes,
offers, contends, writes, says, notes… “quote”
The author
counters this idea by explaining, “quote”
The author
supports this idea by showing how “quote”
Note:
If you’d like to add more quotes/evidence you may, and you might be glad you
did when you’re writing the essay.

A Definition
of “CRISPR CAS-9” (what it is; what it’s used for):

1.

2.
3. 4.

Risks of using this technology:
1.2.
3. 4.

Benefits of using this
technology:
1. 2.3.
4.

Article Commentary
“Human beings are to be welcomed as gifts, not manufactured as products.”Ryan T. Anderson is a senior research fellow at the Heritage Foundation. He is the author of several books, including Debating Religious Liberty and Discrimination.
In the following viewpoint, Anderson argues that efforts to manipulate
the genetic material of human embryos pose significant ethical
questions. Responding to claims by Chinese biophysicist He Jiankui that
his research team had implanted gene-edited embryos into human wombs,
Anderson cautions that such research threatens human dignity, creates
obstacles to social justice, and requires the destruction of human
embryos, which the author refers to as “embryonic human beings.” The
author contends that children
should be produced through sexual reproduction rather than technology.
Anderson also expresses concern that governments could misuse the
technology and warns that editing genes can have unforeseen consequences
for future generations.As you read, consider the following questions:
For what reasons does Anderson characterize
gene editing as an “immediate threat to the right to life of the
unborn,” and do you agree with his characterization?According to the author, how might gene-editing technology lead to further social inequality?In
your opinion, should the United States government devote resources to
developing genetically enhanced soldiers? Why or why not?
Two remarkable things took place last month in the world of biotechnology:
A Chinese doctor claimed to have created two genetically modified human
embryos who were successfully nurtured to birth, and the worldwide
scientific community roundly rejected this experiment as a violation of
ethics.In turn, the Chinese government condemned the doctor and called for an immediate investigation.At issue is a developing biotechnology
known as CRISPR-Cas9 that allows scientists to genetically edit cells.
The technique holds potential to treat a variety of genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis
and sickle cell disease, as well as even more complex conditions such
as cancers and heart disease. Indeed, the doctor says he genetically
modified the two children in question (back in their embryonic stage) to
make them resistant to HIV.As promising as that sounds, the deployment
of gene-editing to human embryos is rife with ethical questions:
concerns about experimentation on minors, human embryo
destruction, the creation of life in a lab, “designer babies,” the
boundary between therapy and “enhancement,” and interventions in the
genome that will be passed on to future generations.In other words, genetically modified human embryos raise new versions of old bioethical problems, as well as some new ones.First, countless embryonic human beings
were killed in the process that led to the live birth of these two
genetically modified children. Like all so-called “assisted reproductive
technologies,” many more embryos are created than are implanted and
subsequently delivered. The remaining embryonic human beings are either
frozen in perpetuity or destroyed. This research poses an immediate
threat to the right to life of the unborn.Regardless on where you stand on the abortion
debate in terms of unplanned pregnancies, the intentional creation—and
destruction—of human beings should worry all of us. Such callous
disregard for human dignity does not bode well for the future of
scientific integrity.We should also care about the dignity of
life in its very origins. There is a great danger in creating children
in the laboratory, a process that treats human subjects as if objects of
technological mastery. That will have profound moral and cultural
implications as the science progresses: Societies can come to view human
life—all life, modified or not—as something that can easily be toyed
with and discarded.We forget the fact that children should be
begotten, not made, at our peril. And we should be wary of practices
that separate the life-giving act from the love-making act. Indeed,
these new technologies are misnamed. They don’t “assist”—they replace
fertility and procreation with reproduction in a sterile lab. Human
beings are to be welcomed as gifts, not manufactured as products.The technologies behind the manufacture of
babies raises new questions, too. The CRISPR-Cas9 procedure, and others
like it, allow scientists to take further steps down the road of
creating designer babies. This would allow parents—or other
authorities—to dictate the characteristics of future people.There’s also the specter of a kind of
“brave new world” genetic arms race. Imagine John Edwards’ “Two
Americas,” but between the genetic haves and the genetic have-nots. An
America where the wealthy (and morally unscrupulous) design
super-babies, while everyone else remains “unenhanced.”As the philosopher Leon Kass has explained,
“As bad as it might be to destroy a creature made in God’s image, it
might be very much worse to be creating them after images of one’s own.”While the children this time were modified
to prevent HIV, no one knows what may be the next genetic modification.
And it isn’t hard to fathom how these new technologies could be deployed
in the hands of racist, eugenicist, or genocidal governments of the
future.Of course, we have no idea what the
consequences—both physical and social—will be to these genetic
interventions. Scientists simply do not know whether knocking out any
particular gene will have other, unintended health consequences down the
road. The genetic code is complicated and interconnected, and even a
small, well-intentioned modification could have large ramifications.Furthermore, genetically modifying human
embryos will modify their germ line (sperm and ova), entailing that
those modifications will transfer to future generations. So, for these
Chinese babies, not only has their genome been modified, but their
entire lineage could be affected. Right now, it all amounts to an
experiment.Technologies such as CRISPR will impact all
of us eventually, not just the scientific community. So even as they
denounce the Chinese experiment, the claims from scientists that they
can “self-regulate” fall flat.Whether and how to use various
biotechnologies needs to be carefully considered with serious ethical
reflection from all of us. And yet the dean of Harvard Medical School
said that “It is time to move forward from [debates about] ethical
permissibility to outline the path to clinical translation … in order to
bring this technology forward.”As the most recent developments
demonstrate, China is especially aggressive in its willingness to ignore
bioethical standards. Despite its face-saving condemnation of the
CRISPR babies, Beijing is already suspected of using CRISPR and other
technologies to explore the possibility of producing so-called “super
soldiers” with increased muscle mass, expanded cardiovascular capacity,
and even improved vision at night. This, in turn, is likely to tempt
some in the West to lower their own bioethical standards in the name of
national security. That would be a mistake.Just because we can do something doesn’t
mean we should. To avoid the trap of falling into a technocracy, humans
must govern technology, not the reverse. At the same time, we must avoid
the trap of becoming Luddites. New biotechnologies hold the potential
to cure and prevent disease, to promote human flourishing—but only if
the deployment of technology is governed by morality.The experiments in China with genetically modified babies is just the beginning of what could go wrong.https://go-gale-com.ezproxy.fcclib.nocccd.edu/ps/r…Article Commentary”There is nothing ethically superior in leaving things be if it is possible to change them for the better.”Kenan Malik is a columnist for the Observer and a contributing op-ed writer for the International New York Times. He is the author of several books, including The Quest for a Moral Compass: A Global History of Ethics.
In the following viewpoint, he responds to public concerns that genetic
editing technologies will lead to the popularization of so-called
“designer babies,” which refers to the practice of genetically modifying
embryos for selected traits. Malik expresses skepticism that such a
practice would be used in the near future to select for complex traits
like intelligence since complex traits result from multiple genetic
factors. The author argues that genetic editing technologies should
continue because in vitro genetic modification could eradicate genetic disorders caused by a single gene mutation like cystic fibrosis.
Ultimately, Malik contends that nations can mitigate the morally
problematic uses of gene editing technologies while investigating uses
that may limit future suffering.As you read, consider the following questions:
According to the author, how does the Nuffield Council on Bioethics determine whether the genetic modification of embryos is morally permissible?How does Malik use the example of Louise Brown to support his overall argument? Do you find it effective?Do
you agree with the author’s suggestion that, in the event it was
possible to eliminate genetic disorders caused by single-gene mutations,
not doing so would be morally or ethically wrong? Why or why not?”Designer babies on horizon”, ran the
headlines. Last week, the Nuffield Council on Bioethics, an independent
body advising on policy, published a report on genome editing and human reproduction (http://nuffieldbioethics.org/wp-content/uploads/Genome-editing-and-human-reproduction-FINAL-website.pdf).New scientific techniques, such as
CRISPR-Cas9—molecular “scissors” that allow scientists to snip the
genome at specific points—have transformed genetics
in recent years and raised questions about what is practically possible
and ethically acceptable. Despite the lurid headlines, they are not
ushering in a new world of designer babies.The genetic modification of embryos is
illegal in Britain except for strictly controlled research purposes, and
the Nuffield Council report did not call for a change in the law. What
it suggested was that there exists no fundamental moral objection to
genome editing.Such editing may be “morally permissible”
so long as it takes into account the “welfare of the future person” and
does not “produce or exacerbate social division or the unmitigated
marginalisation or disadvantage of groups within society”. Even with
these caveats, there is no prospect of gene-edited humans in the near
future. The science is in its infancy and techniques remain untested and
hazardous. A recent study suggested that CRISPR does not cut the genome
cleanly but causes considerable damage, and that as the body repairs
the damaged new mutations may be introduced. It will be a long time
before such issues are resolved sufficiently even to contemplate human
therapies.The debate about human gene editing is less
about what may happen tomorrow than about fundamental fears of
dystopian change. “It is not fanciful to say that … the end of human
beings as a wild breeding race could be in sight,” claimed the Times.
“Any small impoverished country” would be able to “improve its wealth
and influence” by “breeding a race of intellectual giants”. This would
pose an “extremely grave” threat “to accepted human values”.That article was published not last week but in 1969. And in response not to gene editing but to the then new technology of IVF.On Wednesday, the first ever IVF baby,
Louise Brown, will turn 40, an event that will be publicly celebrated
(https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jul/08/ivf-in-vitro-fertilisation-louise-brown-born).
We have lost most of our anxieties about IVF. Those old fears—about
scientists playing God or about the resurrection of eugenics—have, however, become transferred to a new biotechnology.One issue that seems genuinely new is that
of “germline” editing. “Somatic therapies” alter genes in an individual
but do not affect his or her children.
Germline therapies modify the genome in an egg, sperm or embryo; any
changes are passed on to future generations. For many critics, to burden
future generations with possibly dangerous genomic alterations without
their consent is unconscionable. It is true that any alteration to the
germline should be undertaken only with the greatest of care, and with
far more knowledge than we currently possess. That’s one reason designer
babies are not on the horizon. But refusing to alter the genome when
one could to do so safely is also to affect the future. If it ever
became possible to eliminate, say, the gene that causes cystic fibrosis,
not then to do so would condemn future generations unnecessarily to
suffer from a wretched condition. There is nothing ethically superior in
leaving things be if it is possible to change them for the better.Perhaps the most vexed question is about
genome modification not for therapeutic reasons (to eliminate genes
causing disorders) but for enhancement—attempting to improve a child’s
intelligence or physical appearance.There are a number of disorders—such as
cystic fibrosis—caused by the mutation of a single gene. These would be
ideal candidates for genetic modification. Most complex traits—whether
intelligence or appearance or musical ability—are, however, shaped by a
multitude of genes. “Enhancement” would require altering hundreds of
genes, with myriad untold collateral consequences. It’s an unlikely
scenario. If you want make a child more intelligent, filling the house
with books is far more effective than modifying genes.If, 50 years ago, society had given in to
fears about IVF we might be living in a world without fertility
treatments. In 50 years’ time, we may have lost our current anxieties
about genetic engineering,
just as we have shed concerns about IVF. By then, designer babies might
really be on the horizon. At which point, we could take reasoned
decisions about human germline modification. Until then, we should
encourage the practical research and the ethical debates, without giving
in either to the hype or to the dystopic fears.https://go-gale-com.ezproxy.fcclib.nocccd.edu/ps/i..Like millions of other Americans, Victoria Gray has been sheltering Like millions of other Americans, Victoria Gray has been sheltering
at home with her children as the U.S. struggles through a deadly
pandemic, and as protests over police violence have erupted across the
country. But Gray is not like any other American. She’s the
first person with a genetic disorder to get treated in the United States
with the revolutionary gene-editing technique called CRISPR. And
as the one-year anniversary of her landmark treatment approaches, Gray
has just received good news: The billions of genetically modified cells
doctors infused into her body clearly appear to be alleviating virtually
all the complications of her disorder, sickle cell disease. “It’s wonderful. It’s the change I’ve been waiting on my whole life,” Gray told NPR, which has had exclusive access to chronicle her experience over the past year. Sickle cell disease, a rare blood disorder that disproportionately affects African Americans in the U.S., can be difficult to treat effectively. The last time NPR spoke with Gray — in November — her doctors had
just gotten the first hints the treatment might be working. Now, after
nine months of careful testing, the treatment shows no signs of waning,
making her doctors more confident than ever the experiment has been a
success. “It’s hard to put into words the joy that I feel —
being grateful for a change this big. It’s been amazing,” said Gray, 34,
who lives in Forest, Miss. In many ways, it’s a change that
came just in time, Gray said. In the fall, the National Guard deployed
her husband to Washington. And then, the coronavirus pandemic triggered a
national lockdown. Gray was suddenly home alone with three of her kids.
Her great-aunt as well as the pastor of her childhood church
died of COVID-19. Friends at her current church have been getting sick. And then George Floyd was killed by police in Minnesota. “I feel like everything happened so fast,” she said. “It hasn’t been easy.” If
she hadn’t had the treatment, Gray said she doesn’t know how she’d be
coping. She would have been too weak to care for her children and
probably would have been hospitalized at a time when hospitals feel
especially unsafe.
“Since my treatment I’ve been able to do everything for
myself, everything for my kids. And so it’s been joy not only for me but
for the people around me that’s in my life,” she said. The promise of a cure The
researchers conducting the study Gray started caution that it’s too
soon to reach any firm conclusions about the long-term safety and
effectiveness of the approach. Gray is just one patient who has been
followed for what is still a relatively short period of time, they
noted. But Gray’s experience so far, along with two other
patients who received the same treatment for a similar disorder,
indicate the therapy has been effective for her and may work for other
patients as well, they said. “To have it work in this way is extremely thrilling to see and extremely exciting,” said Dr. Haydar Frangoul of the Sarah Cannon Research Institute in Nashville, Tenn., who is treating Gray. At a meeting of the European Hematology Association on June 12, Frangoul and other researchers presented the latest results of their latest testing of Gray as well as two study subjects with a related condition, beta thalassemia. The latter also appear to be benefiting. “It’s very exciting,” said Dr. David Altshuler, chief scientific officer at Vertex Pharmaceuticals in Boston, which is developing the treatment with CRISPR Therapeutics in Cambridge, Mass. “Patients and families have been waiting a very long time for a highly effective therapy.” The
companies also revealed that a second sickle cell patient had been
treated as part of their research program along with three other beta
thalassemia patients. The promising results
are also encouraging other doctors and researchers, who hope CRISPR may
also lead to new treatments for many diseases. Studies have already tested CRISPR to treat cancer and a rare genetic condition that causes blindness. CRISPR enables scientists to make changes in DNA much more easily than before. “I think this is a huge leap for the medical field,” Frangoul told NPR in an interview.How the treatment works Sickle cell disease
is caused by a genetic mutation that produces a defective form of
hemoglobin, a protein needed by red blood cells to nourish the body with
oxygen. The defective hemoglobin turns red blood cells into deformed,
sickle-shaped cells that get jammed inside blood vessels, causing
excruciating attacks of pain, organ damage and often premature death. “Before the treatment, it would be so bad it would be crippling,” Gray said of her pain crises. For
the experimental treatment, scientists remove cells from patients’ bone
marrow and use CRISPR to edit a gene, which enables the cells to
produce a protein known as fetal hemoglobin. Fetal hemoglobin is made by
fetuses in the womb to get oxygen from their mothers’ blood but usually
stops being produced shortly after birth. The hope was that
restoring production of fetal hemoglobin would compensate for the
defective hemoglobin produced by sickle cell patients. Beta thalassemia
patients don’t have enough hemoglobin. Scientists had hoped
that after the treatment, which Gray received July 2, 2019, at least 20%
of the hemoglobin in her system would be fetal hemoglobin. Blood
tests so far have shown the levels far exceeded that. About 46% of the
hemoglobin in Gray’s system continues to be fetal hemoglobin, the
researchers reported. In addition, fetal hemoglobin has remained present
in 99.7% of her red blood cells, they reported. Another
promising finding is that a biopsy of Gray’s bone marrow cells found
more than 81% of the cells contained the intended genetic change needed
to produce fetal hemoglobin, indicating the edited cells were continuing
to survive and function in her body for a sustained period. The
researchers also reported that the first patient to receive the same
treatment for beta thalassemia in Germany has now been able to live
without blood transfusions for 15 months. Previously, the researchers
had reported data for that patient for nine months. In addition, four
other beta thalassemia patients have been treated, including one who has
been transfusion-free for five months, the researchers reported. While
Gray and the beta thalassemia patients experi