Hello class,The lung cancer case study is due Sunday, April 25th, and here are some tips. Here’s some information to assist you with questions on the last case study. Be sure to include all equations with your answers.#4. Where else (besides a hospital) could cases be found? Where else might you find controls for this study (besides in a hospital)? Use Ch 6 to assist you in answering these. #7. This question is asking if hospitalized patients (w/o lung cancer) are closely matched to the general population (w/o lung cancer). Explain your answer. (Hint: Look at the percentage you get for controls who smoked. Is this exposure level something you’d see [even back then] in the general population?) #8. This question is mainly getting at this: Even if not as high as the cases (lung cancer pts), if the controls have a very high exposure level (smoking), then how might this affect the results for this case-control study (Odds Ratio)? #9. Here’s the equation for proportion of cases who smoked: 1522/1530 x 100 = 99.48% Do the same for proportion of controls who smoked.#11. The odds of smoking for the cases is: 1522/8 = 190.25:1 Do the same for the odds of smoking for the controls.#12. Divide the odds to get the OR. You’re also asked to do the ‘cross-product ratio’. This is just another term for the equation you’ve used for the Odds Ratio from Ch. 6. Set up your 2×2 and see if you come up with the same OR from that equation. Post both equations and answers for this. #14. You’ll end up with 4 Odds Ratios on this one. One for each dosage of cigarettes (1-14; 15-24; 25+; and ALL). These are NOT age categories; they are dosage (# of cigarettes smoked/day). Set up your 2×2 table for each category. Your ‘no exposure’ row (0 cigarettes) will be the same for all the 2×2 tables.#15. Look at the 4 different ORs and note any differences by dosage. Is there a dose-response relationship between exposure and disease? #16. This question relates to things you learned in Ch. 10 that could affect the results of a study (like certain types of bias). Name some of the factors.#18. The mortality rate in the cohort section is the ‘incidence rate’. The person-years is the population size. So, for the mortality rate for those who smoked 1-14 cigarettes (Table 3), you would take 23 / 38,600 x 1000. This gives you a mortality rate of 0.60/1000 person-years. #18. Rate Ratio is another term for Relative Risk. To find this, you would take the mortality rate among the exposed and divide by the mortality rate among the nonexposed. For the 1-14 cigarette group, this would be 0.60 divided by 0.07 (mortality rate among the nonexposed). #18. Rate Difference is the same as Risk Difference. For the 1-14 cigarette group, you would find this by subtracting 0.07 from 0.60 (incidence among exposed – incidence among the nonexposed).#19. This proportion is called ‘attributable risk percent’ or the more recognized (from your book ~ Ch 9) term of ‘etiologic fraction’. Since there are two different equations you could use for EF, you would either use the mortality rate or the RR for ‘All Smokers’ from #18 in your equation.#20. You’ll take the number of deaths among All Smokers (from Table 3) and multiply that by your answer for #19 (EF%). This is the number of deaths that could have been averted if no one had smoked. #21. Since RR is the strongest measure of association, use those numbers to determine which disease has a stronger association with smoking. Use the AR% (EF) as your second reason. Explain your answer.#22. Population attributable risk percent is the same as ‘population etiologic fraction’ (from Ch. 9). You would use the mortality rate for ‘All’ for these calculations (given in Table 4). There will be two equations for your answer (Lung Cancer & CVD) and don’t forget to answer the compare/differ questions, as well. #23. Multiply your answers from #22 times the Mortality Rate for ‘ALL’ from Table 4. You’ll do this for both lung cancer and CVD. Your answers will be followed by “lung cancer (or CVD) deaths per 1000 person-years”. #24. Use the RRs from Table 5 to help you in answering this question. Note the differences in RRs among Current Smokers, Ex-Smokers (by years since quitting), and Non-Smokers (never smoked). Then discuss what this implies for public health and preventive medicine. #26. Answer the first question as to which study design has the largest sample size, costs more, and takes longer to complete. The remaining factors are answered as advantage/disadvantage.

1)  SPSS is software that can conduct basic and complex statistical analyses. In this assignment you will use SPSS to explore the data and conduct descriptive statistics, create frequency charts, recode variables, and create new variables. 
For this assignment, utilize SPSS Statistics and the Topic 2 “Health Behavior Data Set.”
Refer to the topic resources for assistance with accessing and using SPSS.
Follow the steps below to complete the assignment.
Part a

Import the Excel file into SPSS.
Sort by age in SPSS to determine the age-range of participants in the data set.
Use the Descriptive Statistics Feature in SPSS to find the mean and standard deviation for the “Age” and “Annual Income.”
Use the “Frequencies” feature to create frequency tables for the employed, education level and sex variables.
Recode the sex variable where “Male”=1 and “Female”=2. Create a frequency table for the new variable.
Compute a new “BMI” variable based on “Weight” and “Height.” Use the Descriptive Statistics Feature in SPSS to find the mean and standard deviation for the new BMI variable.

Part b
In 200-250 words, compare Excel and SPSS. Discuss specific SPSS software features that make it preferable to Excel for data management. Provide examples illustrating when electing to use SPSS could be preferable to Excel in regard to analyzing survey data.
General Requirements
Submit the SPSS exported output and the written comparison to the dropbox.
APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.    
2)  Difference Between Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Surbhi, S. (2019). Difference Between Descriptive and Inferential Statistics. Retrieved from https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-descriptive-and-inferential-statistics.html – :~:text=As%20the%20name%20suggests,%20descriptive%20statistics%20is%20one,statistics,%20i.e.%20what%20you%20do%20with%20your%20data.

How can you use inferential statistics to learn more about depression and weight gain in a sample?
How can you use descriptive statistics to learn more about depression and weight gain in a sample?

3) Correlation is a common statistic to measure a generally linear relationship between two variables. Explain why correlation does not equal causation.
4)Explain the differences between parametric and nonparametric tests. How do you determine if a parametric or nonparametric test should be used when analyzing data?
5)  The chi-square test of independence is used to determine whether two or more samples of cases differ on a nominal level variable. A Pearson correlation is used to determine the relationship between two continuous variables. Both the chi-square test of independence and correlation are widely used in the analysis of public health data.
The purpose of this assignment is to practice calculating and interpreting the Pearson correlation coefficient and a chi-square test of independence. After analyzing the data, communicate the results in a PowerPoint presentation. Refer to the Using and Interpreting Statistics: A Practical Text for the Behavioral, Social, and Health Sciences textbook and instructional videos for assistance completing this assignment.
Part 1
Use SPSS and the Topic 2 “Health Behavior Data Set” and complete the following:

Conduct a Pearson correlation to determine the relationship between age and annual income.
Conduct a chi-square test to determine the relationship between sex and smoking status.
Export the SPSS output for the Pearson correlation and chi-square tests.

Part 2
Create an 8-10 slide PowerPoint to discuss the findings for either the chi-square or correlation findings. For the presentation of your PowerPoint, use Loom to create a voice-over or a video. Refer to the topic resources for additional guidance on recording your presentation with Loom. Include an additional slide for the Loom link at the beginning, and an additional slide for references at the end.
Include the following:

Explain why the statistical test is most appropriate for analyzing the data and whether the assumptions were met.
What are the null and alternative hypotheses?
What is the decision rule?
What is the test statistic and p-value?
How do you interpret the results? (What was done? What was found? What does it mean? What suggestions are there for the creation of a health promotion intervention?)

hi need research paper essay and i need 4 essay and a outline 1. ESSAY Consultation 1 Choose Text and Topic (Research Paper Essay Assignment Sheet) – Part 1Summary:This assignment will assess the following Student Learning Outcomes and Core Objectives:Demonstrate knowledge of individual and collaborative writing processes (ACGM).Develop ideas with appropriate support and attribution (ACGM).Read, reflect, and respond critically to a variety of texts (ACGM).Teamwork: Ability to consider different points of view and to work effectively with others to support a shared purpose or goal (THECB).Personal Responsibility: Ability to connect choices, actions, and consequences to ethical decision-making (THECB).Assignment RequirementsStudent will:Write a research-based essay which demonstrates an understanding and informs or persuades the reader about the essay topic.Write according to length and format instructions: 1,500-2,000 words, double spaced with 1-inch margins, and typed in 12pt. font Times New Roman, and MLA Style.Conduct research using library catalog and databases.Employ a variety of 5 acceptable research sources minimum.Document research sources according to MLA standards.Actively engage in peer-review sessions and use peers’ feedback, together with my comments, to revise essay.Apply Edited American EnglishSubmit final draft in a properly formatted word document to Moodle by the scheduled due date.Instructor Prompt:Choose a new author or choose from any works we have covered in class and research how they practice technique or apply conventions of genre to address a specific idea or subject. Paraphrase and document your examples (MLA). Make the author, subject, and genre the focus of your discussion. Refer to the following genres and conventions for reference: Narrative genres: Autobiographical, Literacy, Historical, Biographical. Descriptive genres: Person, Place, Natural history. Analytic genres: Textual, Visual, Cultural. Argumentative: Quintilian, Op-eds, Public speeches, Parables. * Write objectively, LOGICALLY and RESPECTFULLY. Try to understand your opponent’s point of view. If you do not, you are not likely to persuade the reader. …2. OUTLINE Students are to create an outline for their research paper based on the template provided by the instructor. See “Outlining: A guide to creating an outline.”https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/w… …3.WORKS CITED PAGE Summary:Employ a variety of 5 acceptable research sources minimum.https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/m… …4.Research Based Essay Assignment Sheet20% of Semester GradeThis assignment will assess the following Student Learning Outcomes 3. Analyze, interpret, and evaluate a variety of texts for the ethical and logical uses of evidence. 5.Apply the conventions of style manuals for specific academic disciplines (e.g., APA, CMS, MLA, etc.)Assignment RequirementsStudent will:Write a research-based essay which demonstrates an understanding and informs or persuades the reader about the essay topic.Write according to length and format instructions: 1,500-2,000 words, double spaced with 1-inch margins, and typed in 12pt. font Times New Roman, and MLA Style.Conduct research using library catalog and databases.Employ a variety of 5 acceptable research sources minimum.Document research sources according to MLA standards.Actively engage in peer-review sessions and use peers’ feedback, together with my comments, to revise essay.Apply Edited American EnglishSubmit final draft in a properly formatted word document to Eagle Online by the scheduled due date.Instructor Prompt:Write a research paper of 1,500-2,000 words (6-8 typed pages) in which you convince the reader that a particular course of action should be taken on an issue of your choice in relation to the assigned readings or literary works aligned with the literary criticism you choose to apply. You must do more than simply report information; you must provide the information as a way of persuading your reader that your solution to the problem is the best one. When professors in other disciplines assign a term paper, this is the kind of assignment they expect to see.* Write objectively, LOGICALLY and RESPECTFULLY. Try to understand your opponent’s point of view. If you do not, you are not likely to persuade the reader.The following content ishttps://owl.excelsior.edu/research/https://owl.excelsior.edu/research/research-proces…https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EC8VQ1zEX5WyUb…

Research Paper: This is a graduate course and students will be expected to research and write papers summarizing in their own words what they have found on current topics from the weekly readings. Research is a theoretical review of relevant literature and application of findings in the literature to a topic related to a specific industry, field, or business problem.The research must be conducted using peer-reviewed trade or academic journals. While Blogs, Wikipedia, encyclopedias, course textbooks, popular magazines, newspaper articles, online websites, etc. are helpful for providing background information, these resources are NOT suitable resources for this research assignment.Assignment Requirements:Choose a research topic from the chapter readings or from the list provided by your professor.Research/find a minimum at least four (4), preferably five (5) or more, different peer-reviewed articles on your topic from the online business database. The article(s) must be relevant and from a peer-reviewed source. While you may use relevant articles from any time frame, current/published within the last five (5) years are preferred. Using literature that is irrelevant or unrelated to the chosen topic will result in a point reduction.Write a four (4) to five (5) page double spaced paper in APA format discussing the findings on your specific topic in your own words. Note – paper length does not include cover page, abstract, or references page(s).Structure your paper as follows:Cover pageOverview describing the importance of the research topic to current business and professional practice in your own words.Purpose of Research should reflect the potential benefit of the topic to the current business and professional practice and the larger body of research.Review of the Literature summarized in your own words. Note that this should not be a “copy and paste” of literature content, nor should this section be substantially filled with direct quotes from the article. A literature review is a summary of the major points and findings of each of the selected articles (with appropriate citations). Direct quotations should be used sparingly. Normally, this will be the largest section of your paper (this is not a requirement; just a general observation).Practical Application of the literature. Describe how your findings from the relevant research literature can shape, inform, and improve current business and professional practice related to your chosen topic.Conclusion in your own wordsReferences formatted according to APA style requirementsAttach your paper to the Discussion board by the Thursday due date.Read and respond to at least four (4) other student postings by the Sunday due date.Grading Criteria:Content Knowledge & Structure (15 points): All of the requested components are completed as assigned; content is on topic and related to managerial finance, critical thinking is clearly demonstrated (few, if any, direct quotations from the source in the paper); scholarly research is demonstrated; topics and concepts gained from the assigned reading and/or from research is evident.Critical Thinking (15 points): Demonstrates substantial critical thinking about topics and solid interpretation of materials and reflection.Clarity & Effective Communication (15 points): Communication is clear, concise, and well presented; scholarly writing is demonstrated; grammar, sentence structure, writing in third person, and word choice is used correctly.Integration of Knowledge & Articles (15 points): Articles used are current and relevant (preferably published within last five (5) years and MUST be from peer-reviewed journal article publications. At least four (4) peer-reviewed journal articles are examined and analyzed in the paper.Presentation & Writing Mechanics (30 points): Cover page, headings, in-text citations, page citations (page number citations required for specific information such as dates, years, list of items from article, names, numbers, statistics, and other specific information), and references are properly formatted.Responses to Other Students (10 points): Substantive responses provided to a minimum of four (4) other students. Responses must provide substantive and meaningful discussion of the content of the other student’s paper and provide comments on the topic; responses must be one (1) to two (2) paragraphs long with a minimum of three sentences per paragraph.Textbook link: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vbXxe6NmrTNPkBJrM…

Legal / Ethical Vulnerable Populations ActivityAssignment Description:The purpose of this activity is to provide students the opportunity to assist individuals who may have special needs during a disaster in areas of education and preparation.Assignment Directions:Part I: Working with an IndividualStep 1: Identify an individual in your community who may have special needs during a disaster. Please refer to the “Examples of High-Risk Vulnerable Populations” table below.Step 2: Arrange to meet with the identified individual.Step 3: Prior to the meeting: Review information on the Utah Special Needs Registry website – especially related to the “What to do” section. http://www.specialneedsutah.org/ Depending on the area of special need: Prepare information regarding available support services including contact information for interdisciplinary referrals where appropriate. Additional information is available via the American Red Cross, FEMA, Be Ready Utah, and local hospitals / support agencies.Step 4: During the meeting: Teach identified individual (and primary care-givers when appropriate) about the Utah Special Needs Registry as well as what to do to prepare for a disaster or an emergency. Go through “What To Do” steps and identify individual needs related to preparation as well as the “Action Checklist.”Step 5: ***Put patient is uncomfortable with registering in section provided below. Note: If the individual is uncomfortable registering with the Special Needs Registry, then make comments regarding this in the appropriate section of the matrix (see below).Step 6: Answer the Legal / Ethical Scenario questions – Part II (below)Step 7: Submit Legal Ethical Vulnerable Populations Activity MatrixActionsundefinedGrading: Refer to the grading rubric______________________________________________________________________Part II: Legal / Ethical Scenario for Vulnerable PopulationsScenario: You are at the scene of a disaster (known terrorist bombing) and you come across two victims of the same status (red / immediate care). One victim is lying next to their wheelchair and is gaining consciousness. The other victim is completely unconscious.Timing is critical and you have been told that you only have 5 minutes to rescue as many victims from the building as possible. The walking wounded have already been evacuated.Consult the American Nurses Association “ANA Issues White Paper – press release Final” document page 2 – key recommendations (Unit E Resources). How will your care of these two victims be influenced related to these recommendations?Continued Scenario: Once outside of the building, you join patients in the treatment area. You come across a circumstance where you are required to perform emergency medical treatment outside of your normal scope of practice (usually performed by a physician) in order to save a life.Will you continue with the procedure?Consult the Utah Good Samaritan Act (attached). Are you legally protected to perform this procedure? ____________________________________________________________________ Examples of High-Risk Vulnerable Populations & Additional Assistance RequiredDisability / Special NeedAdditional StepsVisually impairedMay be extremely reluctant to leave familiar surroundings when the request for evacuation comes from a stranger. A guide dog could become confused or disoriented in a disaster. People who are blind or partially sighted may have to depend on others to lead them, as well as their dog, to safety during a disaster.Hearing impairedMay need to make special arrangements to receive warnings.Mobility impairedMay need special assistance to get to a shelter.Non-English speaking personsMay need assistance planning for and responding to emergencies. Community and cultural groups may be able to help keep people informed.People without vehiclesMay need to make arrangements for transportation.People with special dietary needsShould take special precautions to have an adequate emergency food supply.People with medical conditionsShould know the location and availability of more than one facility if dependent on a dialysis machine or other life-sustaining equipment or treatment.People with mental disabilityMay need help responding to emergencies and getting to a shelter.People with dementiaMay want to be registered in the Alzheimer’s Association Safe Return ProgramReference: The information in this table was obtained from the Utah Special Needs Registry. See www.specialneedsutah.org