Pretrial Detention for a Crime He Did Not CommitIn May of 2010, less than two weeks from his seventeenth birthday, Kalief Browder and a friend attended a party in the Bronx. As they walked home in the early morning hours, a police car drove toward the two boys. A few minutes later, a New York City police officer confronted the two teens, saying that a man had just reported that they had robbed him. Browder denied the accusation and invited the officer to check his pockets. The search revealed nothing. The officer returned to his squad car to talk with the alleged victim, at which time the man changed his story and said that the two boys had not robbed him that night, but rather had stolen his backpack two weeks earlier. Browder and his friend were taken into custody. Browder maintain that he had not committed the robbery for which he was charged. Because he was already on probation for a previous joyriding offense, the judge ordered that Browder be held in custody unless he posted $3,000 bail. And because his family could not afford to post bail, he was taken to the Riker’s Island jail. More than two months passed before Browder next appeared in court. During that time, a grand jury indicted him for the alleged robbery. He entered a plea of not guilty. But because Browder has been on probation at the time of the alleged offense, the judge remanded him into custody without bail. As the weeks and months passed, Browder steadfastly refused to plead guilty, insisting on his innocence. This fact differentiates Browder from many pretrial detainees in the United States who plead guilty to escape the conditions of their pretrial confinement. More than two years went by during which time more than half a dozen requests for continuances by the prosecution resulted in postponement after postponement of Browder’s trial date. During this time, Browder spent a significant amount of time in solitary confinement–largely as a result of minor jail rule infractions. As he grew depressed, he twice admitted to commit suicide. In the fall of 2012, prosecutors offered Browder a new plea deal. In exchange for a plea of guilty, he would be sentenced to 2.5 years. Given the time he had already served, that meant Browder would be released in a matter of weeks. According to his court appointed defense attorney, “Ninety-nine out of a hundred would take the offer that gets you out of jail…[But Browder] just said, “Nah, I’m not taking it.’ He didn’t flinch. Never talked about it. He was not taking a plea” (Gonnerman, 2014, para 4). By March of 2013, a judge offered Browder a most tempting opportunity; plead guilty to two misdemeanor offenses in exchange for immediate release on time served. Yet again Browder refused, asserting that he had not done anything wrong. Just over two month later, the judge dismissed, the case against Browder. Ultimately, Browder spent three years in jail awaiting trial, nearly two years of which was served in solitary confinement. Browder was never able to recover from the psychological damage cause by his ordeal, which included enduring repeated assaults by guards and inmates alike, as well as months of isolation in 23-hour-per-day lockdown. In June 2015, he killed himself at the age of 22 (Owens et al., 2019). Application: What do you think about this case? Specifically, critique the practice of holding someone in pretrial detention who has been granted bail, but is unable to afford pay it. Is this fair? Does this comport with the notion of someone being innocent until proven guilty? Kalief Browder was offered several opportunities to be released from pretrial detention in exchange for pleading guilty. He refused to do so because he maintain his innocence. If you were in his shoes–incarcerated for nearly three years for a crime you did not commit, would you have pled guilty to something you did not do in order to obtain your freedom?What would you change, if anything, about the operations of the criminal justice system based on this case?

Using the attached IRP Research Question and Data Set Template 2018, add the following information into the document.

Your research question for your IRP. ANOVA example: “Is there a statistically significant difference between these groups (identify the groups) based on this characteristic (identify the characteristic)? Simple Linear Regression (SLR) example: “Is this factor (identify the factor) a statistically significant predictor of a characteristic (identify the characteristic) based on this data sample?
The statistical question that you hope to answer by analyzing the data set you picked.

ANOVA Example:

H0: ?1 = ?2 = … = ?n
HA: Not all means are equal (i.e. ?1 ? ?2 or ?2 ? ?3  …  ?1 ? ?n)

Simple Linear Regression Example:

H0: ?1 = 0
HA: ?1 ? 0

The name, source, and a link to your data set. Also, include the number of records and attributes in the data set. You do not have to use all of the attributes or records in your analysis. 

Part 2
In the Independent Research Project (IRP), students conduct an analysis project using SAS primarily and Excel as needed to analyze real-world data. Note: You are required to do a ANOVA Analysis or a Regression Analysis submit them showing Pr or P values, F values, R-square, B values, Plots, etc. and discuss these values and what they mean – as needed for the type of analysis you are conducting (ANOVA or Regression). Homogeneity of Variance of residuals can be assumed so you can proceed with your required analysis. Use DAX 3 or DAX 4 qnd/or DAX 5 video and Instructions to help conduct your analysis. As in previous DAX exercises, you must also attach the Summary Descriptive Statistics Table along with the ANOVA Results Table or Regression Results Table. Example ANOVA or Regression Tables required:

In the first assignment (IRP Research Question and Data Set), you identified the data set you wanted to use, developed a research question, and identified a statistical question that could be answered analytically.
In this assignment, you will create and submit a business memo (template attached) that clearly communicates your analysis of the data set you identified in the previous assignment. When you submit this draft of your IRP, you will get feedback from your classmates and your instructor. You should use this feedback to improve your IRP.
In later assignments (IRP Memorandum, IRP Presentation, Presentation Questions Reply), you will submit the final version of your IRP, create and submit a PowerPoint presentation that summarizes your IRP, present your analysis via a recorded video presentation, and answer questions about your presentation. 

Part 3
This is the final version of your IRP.
SUMMARY:
In this Independent Research Project (IRP), students provide a business decision recommendation using SAS primarily and Excel as needed to obtain real-world data. The student will create and submit a business report that clearly communicates a recommendation based on their analysis of the data set that includes an analysis of different courses of action using weighted factors. The students will also create a PowerPoint presentation that summarizes their IRP and present their analysis live, via video-teleconference or as a recorded video presentation. The student will also answer questions about their presentation. Note: The IRP should involve either conducting an ANOVA or Regression Analysis using SAS and submitting the complete results including Tables, P value, Pr value, R-square, and graphics to prove you conducted the required SAS analysis. The IRP project should involve your research question findings as previously specified in your “IRP Research Questions and Data Set” exercise. You must also discuss the P, Pr, R-square values and their meaning and why they led to your decision.
As in previous DAX exercises, you must also attach the Summary Descriptive Statistics Table along with the ANOVA Results Table or Regression Results Table. Example ANOVA or Regression Tables required: 

Description: An intelligence/business report. Your standpoint is that you are a researcher hired by an investor to provide a detailed analysis of a particular UK company and its competitive position in the industry it operates in or, in the case of a diverse company, one of its key sectors. You will choose a company to work on from the list provided on Blackboard, and there will be a limit on the number of students who can choose each company. The final report should include a synthesis and integration of your research, and also conclusions and recommendations. You will select the appropriate analytical technique(s) to examine and analyze the company’s situation. Resources from online databases, the web, expert opinions, and any other appropriate print or online resources may be used. You will have to review and evaluate the materials you find, extract what you think are important trends, and analyse and synthesize information to construct a final report. Students willneed to familiarize themselves with their chosen company as soon as possible. Your report must contain the following sections Executive Summary outlining the main points that you have included in your report. (*This is not included in the word count) Introduction to the company including an overview of the key products or services, where the company operates and the size and shape of its operations (This section should be no more than 200 words) Key financial information including for example: – A visual representation (i.e. graphs) showing the last five years of the company’s financial performance drawing data from FAME / the annual report; – Your analysis of the financial health of the company drawing on the published financial results, financial news sources, and key commentators; – Use of financial ratios to compare the company with its competitors (if possible, or meaningful) Industry and competitor analysis including for example:- Overview of the industry sector in which your company is active, including an outline of the closecompetitors (If your company has diverse interests, select one aspect to focus on, preferably the one in which it is most active).- Analysis of the industry as a whole and your company’s position in it.- What Social, Political and Economic, Legal and Environmental (sustainability) factors affect this industry?- How does your company’s social media presence compare with its competitors? Key issues affecting the company at the present time including for example: – An analysis and synthesis of at least 5 current news stories about the company, focusing on how this company has been affected by COVID, plus any other interesting events or activities that youcan find innews sources. – Have there been any official investigations into this company? – What are the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats? If a SWOT analysis framework is used, the evidence for the points should be sourced primarily from news sources. Consumer market analysis including for example:- What is the target market for this organisations products/services e.g. who buys these products or uses these services?- What do we know about these people? What are their characteristics?- What insights about these consumers are relevant to the profitability of the company?- What social trends affect this market? Brief Conclusion summarising the main points of analysis. Recommendations for a potential investor: Is this a good company to invest in based on the company’s strength of position within its industry or key market? Will this company survive the COVID-19 pandemic? You are expected to synthesize material from a wide range of resources such as news stories, market research, official statistics and the trade press. You MUSTuse appropriate authoritative sources of business information e.g. Nexis, Mintel, Business Source Premier, Euromonitor and FAME. Reports that simply summarise information from the company website and the annual report will receive a fail grade.

Part 3Dino Dog Collars uses activity-based costing.Dino’s system has the following features:Each collar has three parts, direct materials cost is $5.00 per collar, and direct labor cost is $2.00 per collar. Suppose Animal Hut has asked for a bid on 20,000 dog collars. Dino will issue a total of 75 purchase orders if Animal Hut accepts Dino’s bid. Requirement 1. Compute the total cost Dino will incur to purchase the needed materials and then assemble and package 20,000 dog collars. Also compute the cost per collar. (Round the total cost to the nearest dollar and the cost per collar to the nearest cent.)Direct materials5Direct labor2AssemblingTotal manufacturing costPurchasingManufacturing cost per collarCompute the total estimated cost Dino will incur to purchase the needed materials and then assemble and package 20,000 dog collars. Also compute the cost per collar. For bidding,Dino adds a 40% markup to total cost. What total price will the company bid for the entire Animal Hut order?Suppose that instead of an ABC system, Dino has a traditional product costing system that allocates indirect costs at the rate of $9.10 per direct labor hour. The dog collar order will require 13,000 direct labor hours. What total price will Dino bid using this system’s total cost? Use your answers to Requirements 2 and 3 to explain how ABC can help Dino make a better decision about the bid price it will offer Animal Hut. Part 4southwest, Inc. is a technology consulting firm focused on Web site development and integration of Internet business applications. The president of the company expects to incur of indirect costs this year, and she expects her firm to work direct labor hours. ‘s systems consultants provide direct labor at a rate of per hour. Clients are billed at % of direct labor cost. Last month, ‘s consultants spent hours on ‘s engagement.Requirements1.Compute ‘s predetermined overhead allocation rate per direct labor hour.2.Compute the total cost assigned to the engagement.3.Compute the operating income from the engagement.Requirement 1. Compute ‘s predetermined overhead allocation rate per direct labor hour.Select the formula, then enter the amounts to calculate the predetermined overhead (OH) allocation rate. part 5Data Table

Direct materials purchased (on account)

$7,200

Conversion costs
incurred

17,000

Number of calculators
produced

200
calculators

Number of calculators
sold (on account, at $112 each)

195
calculators

Diaz produces electronic calculators. Suppose ‘s standard cost per calculator is for direct materials and for conversion costs. The following data apply to August activities:Requirements1. Prepare summary journal entries for August using JIT costing, including the entry to adjust the Conversion Costs account.2. The beginning balance of Finished Goods Inventory was . Use a T-account to find the ending balance of Finished Goods Inventory.Requirement 1. Prepare summary journal entries for August using JIT costing, including the entry to adjust the Conversion Costs account. (Record debits first, then credits. Exclude explanations from journal entries.)Journalize the purchase of raw materials.
Part 6Strength-testing one item from each batch of panels $64,000Training employees in TQM 30,000Training suppliers in TQM 40,000Identifying suppliers who commit to on-time delivery of perfect-quality materials 54,000 Clegg, Inc. manufactures door panels. Suppose is considering spending the following amounts on a new total quality management (TQM) program:Requirement 1. Classify each cost as a prevention cost, an appraisal cost, an internal failure cost, or an external failure cost.Cost Type of Quality CostStrength-testing one item from each batch of panels Clegg expects the new program would save costs through the following:1. Classify each cost as a prevention cost, an appraisal cost, an internal failure cost, or an external failure cost.2. Should Clegg implement the new quality program? Give your reason

Description:Theology 201 Essay: Three Major QuestionsThe Old Testament repeatedly addresses crucial questions about life. Three key questions we are focusing on in this course are: Who is God and what is God like? What does it mean to be human? How do God and humans relate? As we read, think, and write about the OT (and ANE texts) in this class, we will constantly keep these questions in view. To help you examine and synthesize your understanding of how the OT asks and answers these questions, you will write an essay that addresses one (1) of these questions.How should you go about doing this? First, select the question you wish to answer. Second, identify texts in each of the four (4) parts of the Christian OT canon—Pentateuch, Historical, Poetic/Wisdom, and Prophetic books—that address this question. Even though each question is broad, you should propose and defend a narrow thesis that partially answers the big question. This means that you should focus on texts that answer the question by means of a single idea or theme (e.g., answering the question of what it means to be human by examining passages that deal with the characteristic of free will). Third, study what each text says in answering the question within the bounds of your thesis. Pay close attention to how the text’s context (i.e., the historical/biblical situation that surrounds or stands behind the text) and genre (i.e., the text’s narrative [e.g., plot and characterization] or poetic elements [e.g., imagery and parallelism]) help you understand the text’s message and, thus, its answer to the question. In this process you should consult peer-reviewed articles or biblical commentaries on your passages and/or question. Fourth, create a formal outline of your essay to clarify your question and thesis, synthesize your ideas, and arrange your material in a way that directly and coherently addresses and answers the essay question with a single, focused argument. Finally, after reviewing and refining your outline, write and edit the final draft.Rubrics:The essay will address a narrow thesis concerning one (1) of the three major questions and be 1,800-2,000 words in length (a bibliography or works cited page is not needed).To answer this question, you must use biblical passages from each of the four (4) parts of the Christian OT canon.The paper may use relevant secondary sources and document them appropriately. These sources can be books, articles, or essays in journals or magazines that are found in print or full-text online format on the library’s online databases. You may not use lecture notes or websites, unless approved by the professor.If the paper contains any plagiaris m, it will receive zero points. To avoid (un)intentionally stealing another person’s work and passing it off as your own, place quotation marks around any direct quotes and cite the source. Also cite paraphrased material or borrowed ideas/data.The paper’s format, citations, and bibliography or works cited page must follow The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) or Modern Language Association (MLA) guidelines.Books in the Library: The following sources are a good place to start in your research:Coggins, Richard. Introducing the Old Testament. Oxford: Oxford University Press,2001.Goldingay, John. Key Questions about the Christian Faith: Old Testament Answers. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2010.Rogerson, John W.Theory and Practice of Old Testament Ethics. Edinburgh: T & T Clark International, 2004.Rosner, Brian S., ed. New Dictionary of Biblical Theology. Grand Rapids: InterVarsity, 2000.Ryken, Leland, ed. Dictionary of Biblical Imagery. Grand Rapids: InterVarsity, 1998.Digital Resources: There are several peer reviewed, full-text online resources that you can consult too. Go to http://www.cui.edu/library and search in Academic eBooks or in ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, Academic Search Premier, JSTOR, or Oxford Reference Online, all of which are located under Research Databases.