1) Review the Arizona Rules of Professional Conduct for attorneys. What do the rules state regarding relationships between different clients of an attorney? Can an attorney represent someone who may have an adverse relationship to a prior client? What about husbands and wives? What are these rules meant to protect against?***Use the GCU Library for sources (https://library.gcu.edu/ )The DQ response must be at least 200 words and should have at least one reference in APA format2) Write a 100-word response to each student in first person as if you were writing it to the students. Talk about how you agree with their ideas and add your own thoughts. Make sure it’s respectful.Student 1) Good Evening Class,After reviewing the Arizona Rules of Professional Conduct for attorneys, there are many rules put in place to ensure no ethical boundaries are crossed when dealing with individuals being represented. As expected, it is important that the attorney representing their clients should keep all cases and information between clients confidential. However, when it comes to the clients communicating together outside of the courtroom, or away from the attorney, there is much less control that can be had on that situation. However, due to the required professionalism of the attorney, they must remain professional and keep all client information confidential when moving through a case.If an attorney is to get involved with a client who has an adverse relationship with a prior client, the only issue that could potentially come up there is if the representation involves the same situation. It could be a conflict of interest, and cause many issues for the attorney and clients at large, depending on the severity of the situation. The same is true for husbands and wives. Having representation for a personal relationship could be seen as biased, and the attorney, regardless of how honest they are, could have more potential to do whatever they need to do to benefit their significant other.The whole reason for these boundaries to be put in place, is so that there is written documentation of boundaries that are spelled out for those who many come across ethical difficulties. There will always be situations where outside parties, whether they be relatives or conflicts of interest, are bound to get involved in attorney services, and having an established set of rules on how to handles those situations can better assist the attorney in how to move forward in those situations.Resource:State Bar of Arizona. (2021). Rule 42. Arizona rules of professional conduct. Retrieved from: https://www.azbar.org/for-lawyers/ethics/rules-of-professional-conduct/student 2) When attorneys represents different kinds of clients in the same issue or in meaningful related matters which are closely related by blood or marriage, then there may be a significant risk that client confidences will be revealed and that the lawyer’s family relationship will interfere with both loyalty and independent judgment; in addition, the relationship between lawyer and client is of a high trust nature in which the lawyer maintains the highest position of trust and confidence, therefore, because of this fiduciary obligation to clients, mixing a professional relationship with any intimate personal relationship raises doubts or concerns about conflict of interest, impairment of the judgement of both lawyer and client, and preservation of lawyer-client privilege, (Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, n.d).Rule 1.7 of the rules of professional conduct in Arizona states that a lawyer shall not represent a client if the representation involves the existence of a concurrent conflict of interest such as: the representation of one client will be directly adverse to another client and there is also a significant risk that the representation of one or more clients will be materially limited by the lawyer’s responsibilities to another client, a former client or a third person or by a personal interest of the lawyer; Rule 1.8 also inputs that a lawyer shall not have sexual relations with a client unless a consensual sexual relationship existed between the two when the client-lawyer relation commenced (State Bar of Arizona, n.d). Although lawyers are allowed to represent their spouses, they must be really careful in not letting their emotions influence their ability to represent the client, especially if it will be materially limited by the relationship. Unless the client gives consent and both parties are comfortable enough to proceed, then they can move on with working the case.ReferenceRules of professional conduct rule 1.7: Conflict of interest: Current clients. (n.d.). Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Retrieved from: Mass.gov. https://www.mass.gov/supreme-judicial-court-rules/…Rules of professional conduct. (n.d.). State Bar of Arizona. Retrieved from: https://www.azbar.org/for-lawyers/ethics/rules-of-…

Nursing Conceptual Frameworks in Clinical PracticeWeekly Objectives 1, 2, and 3 will be addressed in this discussion.In order to post to this forum, first complete Week 4 readings. You will also need to search the literature to describe a selected nursing conceptual framework according to specific instructions, below. The purpose of this discussion is to select a nursing conceptual framework and summarize how it has been used in clinical practice.Instructions:The table below provides an overview of features of the three Nursing Paradigms: Particulate-Deterministic; Interactive-Integrative; and Unitary-Transformative (Fawcett, 2005). Select nursing theories and models, referred to as “Conceptual Frameworks,” are identified. Of the conceptual frameworks listed in the table, select one to explore further. You may use your Alligood text and/or the eBooks available on nursing theorists (found on the Library Guide for NUR 18200). These texts have reference lists that are helpful as well, if you’d like to dig deeper in understanding a particular conceptual framework. Several nurse theorists even have their own websites!The conceptual framework you select is your choice. Perhaps you personally and professionally identify strongly with one of the nursing paradigms. Each is like a “lens,” offering a certain way of viewing nursing phenomena. Chances are you already view nursing (and the world in general) according to one of the three nursing paradigms but just didn’t have a name for it…until now!Nursing ParadigmParticulate-DeterministicInteractive-IntegrativeUnitary-TransformativeFeaturesBio-psycho-social-cultural-spiritual beingInteracting with the environmentReducible into partsCausal relationshipsHealth-Illness decided by societal normsPromote and maintain health and prevent diseaseDiagnosis and treat human responses to health problemsHealth is a state of biological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual well-beingNursing focuses on preventing disease, maintaining and promoting health according to societal normsReality is multidimensional and interactiveEntities are context-dependent and relativeChange is a function of multiple antecedent factors and probabilistic relationshipsRelationships can be reciprocalBoth objective and subjective phenomena are studied, with emphasis on objectivity, control, and predictabilityIrreducible/unitary whole (no parts)In mutual process with the environmentAcausalityFocus is on patterns and experiencesChange is unpredictable, rhythmical, continuousPersons are unfolding/becoming and moving toward increasing diversityHealth is a changing process of changing value prioritiesHealth is defined by the personNursing focuses on patterns, lived experiences, and quality of lifeConceptual FrameworkJohnson’s Behavioral System ModelKing’s Systems ModelLevine’s Conservation ModelNeuman’s Systems ModelOrem’s Self-Care ModelRoy’s Adaptation ModelPeplau’s Theory of Interpersonal RelationshipsRogers’ Science of Unitary Human BeingsNewman’s Theory of Health as Expanding ConsciousnessParse’s Human Becoming TheoryWatson’s Theory of Human CaringFawcett, J. (2005). Contemporary nursing knowledge: Analysis and evaluation of nursing models and theories (2nd ed.). F.A. Davis Company.Once you’ve selected a nursing conceptual framework, conduct a literature search to identify 2 published reports of clinical practice guided by the selected conceptual framework. You will describe each of the reports in your post. Please be sure to include clinical practice reports, not research reports. For example and to illustrate, please view these two articles:End of Life Decision-Making- Watson’s Theory of Human Caring.pdf Orem’s Self-Care Model with Multiple Sclerosis Patients’ Balance and Motor Function.pdfThe article using Watson’s Theory of Human Caring explains how the theory can be used to understand end-of-life situations in clinical practice. The article using Orem’s Self-care Model with MS uses the model to guide a research study. While research guided by nursing theory is very important, the intent with the discussion is for you to gain an understanding of clinical practice guided by nursing theory. You should include the following:Identify the nursing conceptual framework you chose to explore in-depth. Why did you choose it?Select 2 published reports of clinical practice situations that were guided by your selected conceptual framework.For each of the 2 reports, identify the clinical situation and clinical population. Then, describe how the author(s) of the report applied the conceptual framework to the clinical situation/population. Use examples to illustrate.Explain how you can use your selected nursing conceptual framework to guide your own practice.Present your posts and replies in a professional, scholarly manner. Include a reference list with your 2 published reports and any other references used to complete your post and replies.

After watching viewing the videos, and reading the supplied material, contribute to the discussion.

Primary Post:  Contribute your initial post to our discussion. In your post, please write 350-500 words to discuss reliability and validity and its impact on knowledge. 
Two Responses: please respond to at least two posts in our discussion; 200 words or less for each. You might discuss a related experience, share a relevant resource, or provide a different perspective.

 Here’s the first post to response to:
Reliability and Validity and Its Impact on Knowledge
Recording and interpreting data requires consistency in the measure used to collect and record data. Reliability and validity are primary concepts to ensure that consistency and measure represent variables that they ought to mean. Reliability is the stability of measurement. To understand and interpret data, researchers rely on consistent methods of measurement. Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and interrater reliability are the types of consistency utilized by psychologists. Working with test-retest reliability requires measures used to produce consistent results over time. When researchers assess a concept that they believe is stable over time, the results they acquire ought to be stable over time as well. Measure that produces different outcomes for concepts that should remain constant over time is not a good measure under test-retest. Internal consistency is the uniformity of an individual’s responses on numerous item measures across the items. Internal consistency can only be determined through data collection and analysis. Interrater reliability is the degree to which various observer’s judgments are similar.
Validity is the degree to which the results from a measurement match the parameter for which they were designed. Scores from measures with good test-retest reliability give researchers confidence that they represent what they were supposed to. Face validity, content validity, and criterion validity are the commonly used types of validities. Face validity is the extent to which the appearance “face of” a measure captures the construct of interest. Content validity is the scope to which an assessment “encompasses” the concept of interest is known as content validity. 

This is the second post to response to:
When the term reliability is used in quantitative research, it refers to how consistent measurements are within the study. Quantitative research depends on the replicability, repeatability, and stability of results to show reliability of the phenomenon studied. Validity in quantitative research refers to whether the measurements are measuring what they are intended to measure. These two terms have different meanings in qualitative research.
Qualitive research is not necessarily focused on measurable data and is most often used to make sense of phenomena rather than measuring their frequency, causation, or correlation (Leung, 2021). In qualitative research, reliability refers to the accuracy of recording the interviews or data gathered. Reliability can be enhanced by:

using detailed notes or recording the interviews,
conscientious wording of the interview questionnaire,
conducting the interviews in a neutral environment,
asking the questions in the same order and manner, and
being aware of the ‘power relationship’ between the interviewer and participants.

Another method recommended for demonstrating reliability in qualitative research is inter-rater reliability, which is having two or more researchers analyze the same data and comparing the results (Armstrong, et al., 1997). This can be time consuming and inconsistent due to the subjectivity of the data interpretation that is the foundation of qualitative research.
Validity in qualitative research is “trying to assess the accuracy of the results, as best described by the researcher, the participants, and the readers (Creswell & Poth, 2013).” This has more to do with the process used to gather the information rather than extensive time spent in the field, detailed description, and a close relationship between the researcher and the participants. Some researchers believe that the term validity should be exchanged for trustworthiness (Hayashi, et al., 2019).
The trustworthiness of a study can be corrupted by researcher bias, reactivity, and respondent bias and can be restored by credibility, authenticity, criticality, and integrity (Whittemore, et al., 2001). Credibility can be established by accurately interpreting the data. In qualitative research, authenticity can be shown by portraying the true meanings and experiences of the research participants. Criticality can be demonstrated by a systematic research design that includes a critical appraisal and analysis. Finally, integrity can be exhibited by a process that ensures interpretation and conclusions are supported by the data. 

I would like for the topic to be along the lines of Marijuana and it’s affects with serotonin(depression). The PICOT question is due on the 23rd!Draft of paper is due on 10/14Final Draft is due sometime in NovemberLearning Outcomes for the ROL Assignment 1. Identify relevant primary research evidence related to an identified nursing problem/clinical issue. 2. Analyze and interpret findings from the research evidence. Discuss the current state of research-based knowledge. Discuss adequacy of knowledge to direct change in clinical nursing practice. Discuss the potential impact of the findings on and relevance to clinical nursing practice. 3. Demonstrate use of appropriate academic writing skills and accurate APA formatting. Review of Literature Writing Assignment Identify an appropriate descriptive nursing problem. Feel free to use one on the list provided. Topics and PICOT questions must be approved by Dr. Becker Locate 5 research articles from research journals regarding the variable. Articles must have been published within the past 8 years. Nursing research journals should be given priority; other professional research journals may be used IF you are not able to locate 5 articles from nursing research journals. Must be PRIMARY RESEARCH STUDIES. -NO LITERATURE REVIEWS, META-ANALYSIS, META-SYNTHESIS OR BEST PRACTICE GUIDELNES. Must be primary sources. Using the ROL guidelines and the Review of Research Article Guidelines, write a review of literature that includes an introduction, review of each of the five articles and a synthesis of the findings of all the articles. The ROL should be a minimum of 7 pages and make use of APA formatting. Refer also to the lecture notes from class related to Review of Literature and this assignment, as well as the grading rubric.First level headings should be used to organize the paper – Introduction, Review of Literature, Synthesis and Discussion. Refer to APA guidelines. The paper should be written an academic writing style (formal writing) and make use of transitions in the body of the paper to move from the discussion of one article to another. Review of Literature Guidelines IntroductionNursing problem and relevance to nursing (Focus and purpose of review) Include at least one reference/in text citation to support why this is important to nursing. Research Question (PICO[T]) questionOrganization of sources (ordering)BodyAnalysis of each research article (study), addressing all prompts for each source. Identify and discuss:Author(s)Year of StudyJournal in which the article was published (title)Discussion of the Review of Literature provided by the researchers (is the information discussed current, relevant, critiqued; are gaps in the knowledge base identified to support need for the current study)Purpose of the studyResearch design (quantitative or qualitative)SettingSample, sample sizeData CollectionQuantitative Study: Measurement method/Tool, including name of tool and what it measures/description;reliability and validity of tool as provided by researchers; brief discussion of how study was carried out/how data was collectedQualitative Study: Data collection technique; brief discussion of how study was carried out/how data was collectedResults/Findings/ConclusionsQuantitative:Results/Findings discussed by the researchersConclusions provided by the researchersQualitative: Themes or categories identified by the researchersConclusions provided by the researchersStrengths and Limitations of this study (refer to our ‘cheat sheet’ for possible strengths and limitations). Include explanation/rationale as to why point is a strength or limitation. Synthesis/DiscussionCompile findings from all selected studiesAnalyze and interpret findings; specify current state of research-based knowledge: Concise presentation of research knowledge about selected topic—what is known and not knownDiscussion as to whether there is adequate knowledge to direct change in clinical practice Analysis of each research article (study), based on guidelines indicated in the Review of Research Article .All prompts must be addressed for each study. Identify and discuss: Brief statement of proposed potential impact on and relevance to nursing practice Paper Format Title PageIntroduction (no heading)Review of SourcesSynthesis and DiscussionReferences APA format:Make use of the resources posted in BlackBoard! This paper must be written following APA (7th e) guidelines, Times New Roman 12 double spaced. Include a reference list. Academic Writing: Refer to Academic Writing Guideline posted in BlackBoard in the Assignments tab. No first person/limit first person, limit pronouns. Tone of writing: Do not refer to authors by first names, and do not identify the title of the article. That is what the reference page is for.Example: Becker(2017) examined the relationship between drinking coffee and being happy.

The topic that I chose related to biotechnology, that is: Do Genetically Modified (GM) Foods cause Cancer?

The journal chosen for analysis was:  Seralini, E. (2020). Update on long-term toxicity of agricultural GMOs tolerant to roundup. Environ Sci Eur, 32 (18).
This topic intrigued me and was my choice for this assignment based on the fact that there has been a serious debate concerning GM foods and if their long-term use increases the chances of developing cancer. In the journal above, published very recently, the researcher concludes that these kinds of foods do not cause cancer and that the prolonged ingestion of inorganic or insoluble pesticide residues used on them is the main cause of any developments of cancerous cells in GM food consumers. The dialogue below presents this concept better. It is a creative and hypothetical (imaginary) dialogue between Seralini, the author of the journal selected for analysis in this topic and a student taking this course who has not yet had a chance to read this journal. 
Applications of Cellular, Molecular, and Evolutionary Biology Assignment 
Purpose 
– Encourage exploration on a topic of your interest related to this course 
– Learn about the differences in sources of communication of scientific knowledge 
– Practice explaining and communicating a scientific discovery using your own unique skills 
Skills you will practice 
– Searching for information about a topic in biology outside of the textbook 
– Accessing and trying to interpret the information in a primary research article 
– Communicating information about a recent discovery into a format more accessible to the general public 
– Using proper citation practices and formatting 
Assignment Theme 
If you learned a lot of detail about something specific in biology, how would you communicate it to someone else? 
What was something that we talked about in lecture or lab that you would be interested to learn more about? 
What was something that we talked about in lecture or lab that you found challenging and are not satisfied with how well you think you understand it and want to understand it better? 
What is something we didn’t spend a lot of time about that you would like to go deeper in? 
What is something that you think might be related to what we’re learning but we haven’t really discussed it and you wish we learned more about it? 
Instructions 

– Find a topic related to this course that you would like to learn about recent discoveries. It can be any topic you’re interested in, the only requirement is that it is related to something we’ve learned (or are about to learn) in lecture or lab. o One approach is to find a recent news article that reports on a new scientific discovery and identifies either the scientists involved in the study or names the scientific journal the article was published in. 
– Search for a primary journal article about that topic that sounds interesting to you (use the library, Google Scholar, Pubmed, or other search tools. Don’t be afraid to ask for help!) 
– Read the article and any additional material you need to help you understand the article and learn more about the topic 
– Communicate your findings to the public (the class or the world!) in a format of your choosing (write a report, record an explanation using slides, make an original drawing or other artwork to explain the topic, make a series of memes, make a TikTok about the topic, write a blog post, poem, play, song, make a twitter thread, make a digital poster, make a game, interview one of the scientists (really!), draw a comic, it’s up to you as long as you can meet the assignment requirements—you’re encouraged to use your own skills and creativity!) 

When you summarize your primary journal article and BIO230 topic, be sure to address the following: 

• Which BIO230 topic did you choose to investigate further, and why were you interested in the topic? 
• Who: Which scientists did the research and where are they from (what institution are they affiliated with)? Include information about the first name in the author list, who is usually one of the (junior) scientists who actually did the experiments they are writing about, and the last name in the author list, who is usually the senior scientist who writes grants to fund the lab. 
• Why: Why did they do this study? What were they interested in trying to show (this information is often in the Introduction and/or Abstract of the article)? 
• How: What experiments did they do, what were the results, and how did these experiments relate to their original purpose? This information is found in the Figures and Tables as part of the Results section and in the Materials & Methods section. 
• What: What did they conclude from the experiments? What were the most important or interesting things you learned about this BIO230 topic?